South African war. 1838. Māori were the first inhabitants of New Zealand or Aotearoa, guided by Kupe the great navigator. [55] Hard times led to urban unemployment and sweated labour (exploitative labour conditions) in industry. Genetic and archaeological evidence suggests that humans emigrated from Taiwan via southeast Asia to Melanesia and then radiated eastwards into the Pacific in pulses and waves of discovery which gradually colonised islands from Samoa and Tonga all the way to Hawaii, the Marquesas, Easter Island, the Society Islands and, finally, New Zealand. [112], In the 1870s Julius Vogel's grand go-ahead policy of borrowing overseas had increased the public debt from £7.8 million in 1870 to £18.6 million in 1876, but had constructed many miles of railways, roads and telegraph lines and attracted many new migrants. [125] During the war, more than 120,000 New Zealanders enlisted to the New Zealand Expeditionary Force, and around 100,000 served overseas; 18,000 died, 499 were taken prisoner,[126] and about 41,000 men were listed as wounded. It included free health care and education, and state assistance for the elderly, infirm, and unemployed. a system for settling industrial disputes, Military history of New Zealand during World War I, Military history of New Zealand during World War II, Pacific Islands home front during World War II, claims of breaches of the Treaty of Waitangi, Timeline of nursing history in Australia and New Zealand, "European discovery of New Zealand – Abel Tasman", http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/cook/17691007.html, "Māori economic development – Glimpses from statistical sources", "High-precision radiocarbon dating shows recent and rapid initial human colonization of East Polynesia", "High-precision dating and ancient DNA profiling of moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) eggshell documents a complex feature at Wairau Bar and refines the chronology of New Zealand settlement by Polynesians", "A spatio‐temporal model for the invasion of the New Zealand archipelago by the Pacific rat Rattus exulans", "An extremely low-density human population exterminated New Zealand moa", "Mass Migration and the Polynesian Settlement of New Zealand", "Genealogies as a basis for Maori chronology", "Archaeological Investigation at Hohi Bay/Marsden Cross (Oihi Bay)", "Spear tao kaniwha, spear tao huata, spears tao", "Musket Wars – Beginnings – Hongi Hika: Warrior chief", "Governor Darling's Commission 1825 (UK)", Ministry for Culture and Heritage / Te Manatū Taonga, "He Whakaputanga – Declaration of Independence", "Hobson's Appointment 1839 [1839] NZConLRes 1", "Treaty events 1800-49 - Treaty timeline | NZHistory, New Zealand history online", "Treaty of Waitangi - Interpretations of the Treaty of Waitangi", "Treaty of Waitangi – The first decades after the treaty – 1840 to 1860", "History of New Zealand, 1769–1914 – A history of New Zealand 1769–1914", "Lance-Sergeant John Williams: Military Topographer of the Northern War", "Epidemic Diseases (Papa reti or Mate uruta)", "Estimating a population devastated by epidemics", "New Zealand Constitution Act comes into force: 17 January 1853", "Provincial Government Abolished – 1st January 1877", "Nation and government – From colony to nation", "Three New Zealand Depressions | Brian Easton", "Economic history – Boom and bust, 1870–1895", "Missionaries and revolters: Exploring the identities of nineteenth century advocates of women's rights", "Lolly shops 'of the Red-Light Kind' and 'Soldiers of the King': Suppressing one-woman brothels in New Zealand, 1908–1916", "Establishment of a National System of Education", http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/NewZealanders/NewZealandPeoples/CentralAndSouth-easternEuropeans/en, "Economic growth and renewed immigration, 1891–1915", http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/NewZealanders/NewZealandPeoples/Chinese/en, "A History of South Island Self-Determination (hosted in Nelson, New Zealand, at Amber House Guest House's website)", "OFFICIAL GUIDE TO THE GOVERNMENT COURT: N.Z. The landed gentry and aristocracy ruled Britain at this time. Already a majority of the population by 1859, the number of Pākehā settlers increased rapidly to reach over one million by 1916. 1997 – Jennifer Shipley becomes the country’s first female Prime Minister. After these came the iwi or tribe, consisting of groups of hapū. It established British law in New Zealand and is considered New Zealand’s founding document and an important part of the country's history. [51] This represented the first clear expression of British intent to annex New Zealand. There was no radical change in gender roles but the war intensified occupational trends under way since the 1920s. [2] From the late 18th century, the country was regularly visited by explorers and other sailors, missionaries, traders and adventurers. when was new zealand founded? The English version can be said to give the British Crown sovereignty over New Zealand; but in the Māori version, the Crown receives kāwanatanga, which, arguably, is a lesser power (see interpretations of the Treaty). Scientists say they have found that three deepwater shark species living off New Zealand glow in the dark. Polynesian navigators had reached New Zealand probably in the 13th century.. Abel Tasman. From the 1950s Māori began moving to the cities in large numbers, and Māori culture underwent a renaissance. [194], On 15 March 2019, a lone terrorist shooter attacked two mosques during Friday Prayer, killing 51 people and injuring 40 more,[195][196] and live streamed the attack. By the time the first Europeans arrived, Māori had settled the land, every corner of which came within the interest and influence of a tribal (iwi) or sub-tribal (hapū) grouping. [80] Middle-class women employed the media (especially newspapers) to communicate with each other and define their priorities. [160], The country's economy suffered in the aftermath of the 1973 global energy crisis, the loss of New Zealand's biggest export market upon Britain's entry to the European Economic Community, and rampant inflation. The latter settlement of the tiny Chatham Islands in the east of New Zealand about 1500 CE produced the Moriori; linguistic evidence indicates that the Moriori were mainland Māori who ventured eastward. New Zealand lies at the bottom of Oceania, a region made up of thousands of islands scattered across the massive expanse of the Pacific Ocean, and these islands were explored and settled centuries before Europeans arrived by various Pacific peoples. Pākehā had little understanding of Māori views on land and accused Māori of holding onto land they did not use efficiently. [125] The heroism of the soldiers in the failed campaign made their sacrifices iconic in New Zealand memory, and is often credited with securing the psychological independence of the nation. This was not possible in the south of the South Island, but wild plants such as fernroot were often available and cabbage trees were harvested and cultivated for food. It established British law in New Zealand and is considered New Zealand’s founding document and an important part of the country's history. [120] Just under one million people lived in New Zealand in 1907 and cities such as Auckland and Wellington were growing rapidly. New Zealand's largest city was hurriedly placed into a three-day lockdown on Sunday after three unexplained virus cases were found. Disputes over the differing translations of the Treaty and settler desire to acquire land from Māori led to the New Zealand Wars from 1843. Deborah Montgomerie, "The Limitations of Wartime Change: Women War Workers in New Zealand", On the home front see Gwen Parsons, "The New Zealand Home Front during World War One and World War Two", History Compass (2013) 11#6 pp 419–428, online. Local banks – notably the Bank of New Zealand and the Colonial Bank of New Zealand — were "reckless" and permitted "a frenzy of private borrowing". Today New Zealand is home to more than 5 million people. [99] The settlement of Scots in the Deep South is reflected in the lasting predominance of Presbyterianism in the South Island.[100]. New Zealand's highly productive agriculture gave it probably the world's highest standard of living, with fewer at the rich and poor ends of the scale. Māori cultivated food plants which they had brought with them from Polynesia, including sweet potatoes (called kūmara), taro, gourds, and yams. Ominously Europeans fought with the Maori and the Europeans were not keen to return. Robert FitzRoy, the new governor (in office: 1843–1845), took some legal steps to recognise Māori custom. Māori were the first to arrive in New Zealand, journeying in canoes from Hawaiki about 1,000 years ago. Richard Seddon had proclaimed the goal as early as 1884: "It is the rich and the poor; it is the wealthy and the landowners against the middle and labouring classes. To view cookie details and how to opt-out, please see our Cookie Policy. Not long after, New Zealand was the first country to offer state pensions and, in the late 1930s, state housing for workers. Unlike in Britain, relatively few women became involved. That is what wikipedia is for. [176][177], Voters unhappy with the rapid speed and far-reaching extent of reforms elected a National government in 1990, led by Jim Bolger. Up to one-fifth of the Māori population was killed during the intertribal Musket Wars of the 1810s,... British first steps. New Zealand has no native land mammals (apart from some rare bats) so birds, fish and sea mammals were important sources of protein. [1] In 1643 he charted the west coast of the North Island, his expedition then sailed back to Batavia without setting foot on New Zealand soil. From missionaries, the Māori learnt not just about Christianity but also about European farming practices and trades, and how to read and write. After the war, women left traditional male occupations and many women gave up paid employment to return home. The population of New Zealand is almost 100,000. [77] The country lost people through emigration, mostly to Australia. Europeans left New Zealand alone until 1769 when Captain James Cookarrived in his ship The Endeavour. As with all names, after a bit of research and reading, an interesting history emerges and tells you more about the country than a … [33] As a result, guns became very valuable and Māori would trade huge quantities of goods for a single musket. They also cultivated the cabbage tree, a plant endemic to New Zealand, and exploited wild foods such as fern root, which provided a starchy paste. The Musket Wars. New Zealand depended on Britain's Royal Navy for its military security during the 1920s and 1930s. This led to the development of a Māori protest movement which in turn led to greater recognition of the Treaty of Waitangi in the late 20th century. A woman has been sentenced in New Zealand after she was found trying to smuggle nearly 1,000 cacti and succulents strapped to her body. Australia or New Zealand. 4 August is the date the outbreak of World War I is marked in New Zealand. please for a research projesct and addd what website you found it on thanks . First to arrive were ancestors of Māori. Paul G. Buchanan, "Lilliputian in Fluid Times: New Zealand Foreign Policy after the Cold War", David J. McCraw, "New Zealand's Foreign Policy Under National and Labour Governments: Variations on the 'Small State' Theme?". [206][207], Map of the New Zealand coastline as Cook charted it on his, This in the context of British trade with China and the lead up to the, Michael King, "The Penguin History of New Zealand" (2003) pp 171–172. Gold discoveries in Otago (1861) and Westland (1865), caused a worldwide gold rush that more than doubled the population in a short period, from 71,000 in 1859 to 164,000 in 1863. We use cookies to provide you with a better experience on this site. Tasman sketched sections of the two main islands' west coasts. The result was slow but stable growth that avoided bubbles and led to long-lived family owned firms. The new Governor, George Grey, suspended the plans. The means of acquiring land was to defeat another hapu or iwi in battle and seize their land. In This Section. The opposition attacked the Labour Party's more left-wing policies, and accused it of undermining free enterprise and hard work. His time here was brief. Christchurch, city, Canterbury regional council, eastern South Island, New Zealand, on the Avon River. It was the last and most successful colonizing project inspired by Edward Gibbon Wakefield and his New Zealand Company. In 1922 REPCO was founded in which country? [131][132], After the war New Zealand signed the Treaty of Versailles (1919), joined the League of Nations and pursued an independent foreign policy, while its defence was still controlled by Britain. Australia or New Zealand Do you know the answer? [87], Māori women developed their own form of feminism, derived from Māori nationalism rather than European sources. By the 1920s it controlled almost all of its internal and external policies, although it did not become fully independent until 1947, when it adopted the Statute of Westminster. [13][14], The original settlers quickly exploited the abundant large game in New Zealand, such as moa, which were large flightless ratites pushed to extinction by about 1500. He argued that the Pākehā could not be trusted to pass laws that would protect the interests of the Māori majority – already there had been Treaty violations – and persuaded his political superiors to postpone its introduction for five years. The aim of total free trade between the two countries was achieved in 1990, five years ahead of schedule.[163]. [10][11], The descendants of these settlers became known as the Māori, forming a distinct culture of their own. [57], The Church of England sponsored the Canterbury Association colony with assisted passages from Great Britain in the early 1850s. 'Central and South-eastern Europeans'. New Zealand welcomes visitors with “Kia Ora,” the Māori word for “Hello.” It takes 24 hours to travel from Europe to New Zealand and 12 hours if you are coming from North America. "[101] The Liberal strategy was to create a large class of small land-owning farmers who supported Liberal ideals. Hunter has studied the experiences of 133 entrepreneurs who started commercial enterprises between 1880 and 1910. What a lot of people don’t know – both tourists and Kiwis themselves – is how the country came to be called New Zealand. However the welfare state system was retained and expanded by successive National and Labour governments until the 1980s. One such conflict was the Northern or Flagstaff War of the 1840s, during which Kororareka was sacked. [48] This and the increased commercial interests of merchants in Sydney and London spurred the British Government to take stronger action. Prominent feminist writers included Mary Taylor,[81] Mary Colclough (pseud. David McCraw, "New Zealand Foreign Policy Under the Clark Government: High Tide of Liberal Internationalism?". [46] Busby was provided with neither legal authority nor military support and was thus ineffective in controlling the Pākehā (European) population.[47]. The practical effect of the Treaty was, in the beginning, only gradually felt, especially in predominantly Māori regions, where the settler government had little or no authority. [157] The shift to the cities was also caused by their strong birth rates in the early 20th century, with the existing rural farms in Māori ownership having increasing difficulty in providing enough jobs. D.J. Greg Ryan, "Drink and the historians: sober reflections on alcohol in New Zealand 1840–1914". The women argued that women-hood (thanks to motherhood) was the repository of superior moral values and concerns and from their domestic experience they knew best how to resolve conflicts. While retaining some ties to the British Crown, New Zealand has become a proud nation in its own right. They gave Scots a path to assimilation and cultural integration as Scottish New Zealanders. 4 Answers. Savage was idolised by the working classes, and his portrait hung on the walls of many houses around the country. It's the country's first … In 1933, 8.5% of the unemployed were organised in work camps, while the rest received work close to their homes. [134], Like many other countries, New Zealand suffered in the Great Depression of the 1930s, which affected the country via its international trade, with steep decreases in farm exports subsequently affecting the money supply and in turn consumption, investment and imports. In some inland areas life went on more or less unchanged, although a European metal tool such as a fish-hook or hand axe might be acquired through trade with other tribes. [189] She sent troops to the War in Afghanistan, but did not contribute combat troops to the Iraq War although some medical and engineering units were sent. Māori chiefs were motivated by a desire for protection from foreign powers, for the establishment of governorship over European settlers and traders in New Zealand, and for allowing wider European settlement that would increase trade and prosperity for Māori. In 1825 with Van Diemen's Landbecoming a separate colony, the southern boundary of New South Wales was altered to the islands adjacent in the P… Relevance . Historians have debated whether the "long depression" of the late 19th century stifled investment, but the New Zealanders found a way around adverse conditions. 1877. There was extensive British settlement throughout the rest of the 19th century and into the early part of the next century. [86] Middle-class women successfully mobilised to stop prostitution, especially during the First World War. Let us show you the best of New Zealand on other platforms by selecting 'On' and allowing us to share data from your visit(s) with our partners. In March 2020, borders and entry ports of New Zealand were closed to all non-residents. [78] The public debt had increased from £7.8 million in 1870 to £18.6 million in 1876. Interest in the proposed Australian Federation faded and New Zealand decided against joining the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901. [27] Building on the work of the Church Missionary Society missionary Thomas Kendall, beginning in 1820, linguist Samuel Lee worked with Māori chief Hongi Hika to transcribe the Māori language into written form. The first encounters with the Maori were violent so Cook called the place Poverty Bay and sailed away. Peters has had a successful and turbulent political career since entering Parliament in 1978, first serving as a Cabinet Minister in the Bolger Government before being sacked in 1991. [168] Douglas's reforms resembled the contemporaneous policies of Margaret Thatcher in Britain and Ronald Reagan in the United States. [133], The governments of the Reform and United parties between 1912 and 1935 followed a "realistic" foreign policy. [186], New Zealand retains strong but informal links to Britain, with many young New Zealanders travelling to Britain for their "OE" (overseas experience)[187] due to favourable working visa arrangements with Britain. It consistently advocated negotiations with Nazi Germany, signed a trade agreement with it, welcomed the Munich agreement of 1938 regarding the division of Czechoslovakia, discouraged public criticism of the Nazi regime, and pursued a slow rearmament programme. The required capital came mainly from outside of New Zealand. The building where the treaty was signed has been preserved and, today, the Waitangi Treaty Grounds are a popular attraction. What it gave the British in return depends on the language-version of the Treaty used. [96], In 1861 gold was discovered at Gabriel's Gully in Central Otago, sparking a gold rush. 1861. By demanding that men take responsibility for the right of women to walk the streets in safety, New Zealand feminists deployed the rhetoric of white slavery to argue for women's sexual and social freedom. [55], Settlement continued under British plans, inspired by a vision of New Zealand as a new land of opportunity. 1907 – The country becomes a dominion, or self-governing community, within the British Empire. Christchurch is founded. Arts included whaikōrero (oratory), song composition in multiple genres, dance forms including haka, as well as weaving, highly developed wood carving, and tā moko (tattoo). The crisis led the incoming government to review New Zealand's constitutional structures, which resulted in the Constitution Act 1986. [63], As the Pākehā population grew, pressure grew on Māori to sell more land. The first settlers probably arrived from Polynesia between 1200 and 1300 AD. It was the first war New Zealand soldiers were sent overseas to fight. The Colony of New South Wales was founded by 1788. The Education Act of 1877 created New Zealand's first free national system of primary education, establishing standards that educators should meet, and making education compulsory for children aged 5 to 15. [91], Prior to 1877 schools were operated by the provincial government, churches, or by private subscription. The species were collected from the Chatham Rise - … "'The Most Appeasing Line': New Zealand and Nazi Germany, 1935–40". New Zealand has been shaped by volcanic activity and some of its volcanoes are still active. The government bought practically all the useful land, then resold it to the New Zealand Company, which promoted immigration, or leased it for sheep runs. New Zealand was first discovered by the Dutch mariner, Abel Tasman, on 14th June, 1643. New Zealand (‘Aotearoa’ in Maori) is an island country in the South Pacific Ocean. Labour also gained Māori votes by working closely with the Rātana movement. Christchurch was founded by the Canterbury Association, which was formed in New Zealand, with a population of 1.7 million, including 99,000 Māori, was highly mobilised during the war. There is public debate about whether New Zealand should become a republic, and public sentiment is divided on the issue. Some innovations did take place, for example the Closer Economic Relations (CER) free-trade programme with Australia to liberalise trade, starting in 1982. However, British imperial honours were discontinued in 1996, the governor-general has taken a more active role in representing New Zealand overseas, and appeals from the Court of Appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council were replaced by a local Supreme Court of New Zealand in 2003. Robert Side in another answer has provided good information on some theories. The armed forces peaked at 157,000 in September 1942; 135,000 served abroad, and 10,100 died. State education is introduced in New Zealand. New Zealand motorists queue at the Otara testing station after a positive Covid-19 coronavirus case was reported in the community, as Auckland entered a three-day lockdown. [117][118], New Zealand initially expressed interest in joining the proposed Federation of the Australian colonies, attending the 1891 National Australia Convention in Sydney. (There were a few highly publicised but ineffective Japanese scouting incursions.) In 1953 New Zealanders took pride that a countryman, Edmund Hillary, gave Queen Elizabeth II a coronation gift by reaching the summit of Mount Everest. [24] Māori were reputed to be enthusiastic and canny traders, even though the levels of technology, institutions and property rights differed greatly from the standards in European societies. [9] This scenario is also supported by a much debated, and now largely ignored, third line of evidence – traditional genealogies which point to 1350 AD as a probable arrival date for the main founding canoes from which most Māori trace their descent. Captain William Hobson was sent to New Zealand by the British government with instructions to persuade Māori to cede their sovereignty to the British Crown. 1 decade ago. Scientists say they have found that three deepwater shark species living off New Zealand glow in the dark. [142], Over £50 million was spent on defence works and military accommodation and hospitals, including 292 mi (470 km) of roads. [141] The Labour party was in power and promoted unionisation and the welfare state. [162] In the 1984 elections Labour promised to calm down the increasing tensions, while making no specific promises; it scored a landslide victory. [108] In 1893 it extended voting rights to women, making New Zealand the first country in the world to enact universal female suffrage. 1 decade ago. The Reform Party and the United Party merged to become the National Party, and would be Labour's main rival in future years. [184] In power for nine years, it maintained most of the previous governments' economic reforms – restricting government intervention in the economy much more so than previous governments – while putting more of an emphasis on social policy and outcomes. Later, Wellington became the centre of agitation by settlers for representative government led by Samuel Revans, who founded the Wellington Settlers' Constitutional Association in 1848. A woman has been sentenced in New Zealand after she was found trying to smuggle nearly 1,000 cacti and succulents strapped to her body. These settlements had access to some of the richest plains in the country and after refrigerated ships appeared in 1882, they developed into closely settled regions of small-scale farming. The effects of disease,[65] as well as war, confiscations, assimilation and intermarriage,[66] land loss leading to poor housing and alcohol abuse, and general disillusionment, caused a fall in the Māori population from around 86,000 in 1769 to around 70,000 in 1840 and around 48,000 by 1874, hitting a low point of 42,000 in 1896. Send a Wellington related E-Postcardto your friends. Portuguese and Spanish navigators sailed the Pacific Ocean in the 1500s, but it was probably not until 1642 that a European sighted New Zealand. Jerome Spencer founded the New Zealand Federation of Women's Institutes began in Hawke's Bay 100 years ago after she was inspired by the Women's Institute of … Māori made Christianity their own and spread it throughout the country often before European missionaries arrived. Te Rauparaha seized the land of many iwi in the lower North Island and upper South Island during the musket wars. [149], 1950s New Zealand culture was deeply British and conservative,[150] with the concept of "fairness" holding a central role. 'Chinese'. Traditional Māori society preserved history orally through narratives, songs, and chants; skilled experts could recite the tribal genealogies (whakapapa) back for hundreds of years. Although the first Chinese migrants had been invited by the Otago Provincial government they quickly became the target of hostility from white settlers and laws were enacted specifically to discourage them from coming to New Zealand. These islands are located to the southeast of Australia. Tasman never set foot on New Zealand, and after sailing up the West Coast, went on to some Pacific Islands, and then back to Batavia (now Jakarta) in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). He attempted to maintain New Zealand's "cradle to the grave" welfare state, which dated to 1935. Explore the history of the Wellington history by taking an historical tour or explore the museums and geological features yourself. Gerald Chaudron, "The League of Nations and Imperial Dissent: New Zealand and the British Labour Governments, 1924–31".