waterloo preußischer general
Seine beharrliche Vorwärtsstrategie, mit der er gegen das Zögern der drei verhandlungsbereiten Monarchen im Winter 1813/1814 den Vormarsch auf Paris durchsetzte, führte zur Niederlage der Franzosen und brachte ihm den Beinamen Marschall Vorwärts ein. Krankheitsbedingt erhielt er knapp zwei Monate später die Erlaubnis zur Wiederherstellung seiner Gesundheit nach Bad Pyrmont zu gehen. November 1815 in der Madeleine in Paris mit Cécile de Saint-Luce Oudaille (1798–1857) verheiratet. Volkstümlich „Marschall Vorwärts“ genannt, gehört er zu den populärsten Helden der Befreiungskriege in Europa. The inherent superiority of the defense obviously does not mean that the defender will always win, however: there are other asymmetries to be considered. Alvensleben, Gustav von (1803–1881), preußischer General, Generaladjutant Kaiser Wilhelms I. Prussia was a historically prominent German state that originated in 1525 with a duchy centered on the region of Prussia on the southeast coast of the Baltic Sea.It was de facto dissolved by an emergency decree transferring powers of the Prussian government to German Chancellor Franz von Papen in 1932 and de jure by an Allied decree in 1947. März 1775 in Müncheberg; † 8. 8. It is the antithesis in a dialectical argument whose thesis is the point—–made earlier in the analysis—–that "war is nothing but a duel [or wrestling match, the extended metaphor in which that discussion was embedded] on a larger scale." ", "As the centre of gravity is always situated where the greatest mass of matter is collected, and as a shock against the center of gravity of a body always produces the greatest effect, and further, as the most effective blow is struck with the center of gravity of the power used, so it is also in war. [33]:37–38, Clausewitz directly influenced Mao Zedong, who read On War in 1938 and organised a seminar on Clausewitz for the Party leadership in Yan'an. Mit diesem Bataillon nahm er 1806 während des Vierten Koalitionskrieges am Gefecht bei Saalfeld und der Schlacht bei Jena teil. Armee-Korps ernannt. 'Military genius' is not simply a matter of intellect, but a combination of qualities of intellect, experience, personality, and temperament (and there are many possible such combinations) that create a very highly developed mental aptitude for the waging of war. Alvensleben, Constantin von (1809–1892), preußischer General. Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher. In fact, Clausewitz never used the term "total war": rather, he discussed "absolute war," a concept which evolved into the much more abstract notion of "ideal war" discussed at the very beginning of Vom Kriege—–the purely logical result of the forces underlying a "pure," Platonic "ideal" of war. This was constantly applied by Lenin in a variety of contexts. Hans Philipp August von Luck stammte aus einer Familie des schlesischen Uradels[1], die mit Thymo de Luccene 1253 zuerst urkundlich erscheint und sich später über die Neumark und Großpolen weiter verbreitet. [38] John E. Sheppard, Jr., argues that by developing nuclear weapons, state-based conventional armies simultaneously both perfected their original purpose, to destroy a mirror image of themselves, and made themselves obsolete. Jahrhunderts. In that year he returned to active duty with the army. Soon afterward, the outbreak of several revolutions around Europe and a crisis in Poland appeared to presage another major European war. [5], Clausewitz was born on 1 June 1780 in Burg bei Magdeburg in the Prussian Duchy of Magdeburg as the fourth and youngest son of a family that made claims to a noble status which Carl accepted. It is also a pointless attack on a concept that is quite useful in its own right. Mertsalov commented that "It was an irony of fate that the view in the USSR was that it was Lenin who shaped the attitude towards Clausewitz, and that Lenin's dictum that war is a continuation of politics is taken from the work of this [allegedly] anti-humanist anti-revolutionary. ... nachdem unter von Zieten ein preußischer Angriff vorgetragen wurde. Col. J. J. Graham, translator. (2014). Hier avancierte Luck am 22. In this way, through the massive retaliation doctrine and the closely related foreign policy concept of brinkmanship, Eisenhower hoped to hold out a credible vision of Clausewitzian nuclear “absolute war” in order to deter the Soviet Union and/or China from ever risking a war or even conditions that might lead to a war with the United States.[37]. For Eisenhower, the age of nuclear weapons had made what was for Clausewitz in the early 19th century only a theoretical vision an all too real possibility in the mid-20th century. Die Alte Garde siegte. For example, Clausewitz's famous line that "War is a mere continuation of politics by other means," ("Der Krieg ist eine bloße Fortsetzung der Politik mit anderen Mitteln") while accurate as far as it goes, was not intended as a statement of fact. am 28. The sequence and precise character of that evolution is a source of much debate as to the exact meaning behind some seemingly contradictory observations in discussions pertinent to the tactical, operational and strategic levels of war, for example (though many of these apparent contradictions are simply the result of his dialectical method). The main lines along which military events progress, and to which they are restricted, are political lines that continue throughout the war into the subsequent peace."[16]. On War, was unfinished at his death. Zunächst noch in Vertretung, wurde Luck schließlich 1813 zum Gouverneur des Kronprinzen ernannt. Drei Monate später wurde er von diesem Posten entbunden und König Friedrich Wilhelm III. Preußischer General, Chef des Generalstabs in den deutschen Einigungskriegen, "Der große Schweiger" Helmuth Karl Bernhard von Moltke. Carl Philipp Gottfried (or Gottlieb) von Clausewitz[note 1] (/ˈklaʊzəvɪts/; 1 June 1780 – 16 November 1831)[1] was a Prussian general and military theorist who stressed the "moral" (meaning, in modern terms, psychological) and political aspects of war. Anfang Januar 1797 wurde Luck Adjutant beim Grenadierbataillon „von Rabiel“ in Potsdam. unter Belassung in der Stellung als Generalinspekteur zum Generaladjutanten. "[23], Some have gone further and suggested that Clausewitz's best-known aphorism, that war is a continuation of politics with other means, is not only irrelevant today but also inapplicable historically. "[3](p87), Clausewitz's Christian names are sometimes given in non-German sources as "Karl," "Carl Philipp Gottlieb," or "Carl Maria." He saw history as a vital check on erudite abstractions that did not accord with experience. I pg. ", Cormier, Youri. 2. Clausewitz used a dialectical method to construct his argument, leading to frequent misinterpretation of his ideas. Die Preußen zogen sich zurück, aber anders, als der Kaiser geplant hatte. Marie was well-educated and politically well-connected—she played an important role in her husband's career progress and intellectual evolution. [42] For an opposing view see the sixteen essays presented in Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century edited by Hew Strachan and Andreas Herberg-Rothe. Carl Philipp Gottfried (or Gottlieb) von Clausewitz (/ ˈ k l aʊ z ə v ɪ t s /; 1 June 1780 – 16 November 1831) was a Prussian general and military theorist who stressed the "moral" (meaning, in modern terms, psychological) and political aspects of war.His most notable work, Vom Kriege transl. The first is his dialectical thesis: "War is thus an act of force to compel our enemy to do our will." Januar 1859 in Potsdam) war ein preußischer General der Infanterie und Ritter des Schwarzen Adlerordens. This misrepresentation was popularised by U.S. Army Colonel Harry Summers' Vietnam-era interpretation,[14] facilitated by weaknesses in the 1976 Howard/Paret translation. Waterloo. Die Schlacht bei Waterloo [ˈvɑːtɐloː] (auch Schlacht bei Belle-Alliance) vom 18. Januar 1794 zum Infanterieregiment „von Knobelsdorff“, das zu diesem Zeitpunkt im Winterquartier bei Nierstein lag. Gegen 18 Uhr gelang es Napoleon dann unter Einsatz seiner alten Garde die Ortschaft Ligny zu besetzen. April 1814 zum Chef der 9. It is the exact fulfilment of silent suppositions, it is the noiseless harmony of the whole action which we should admire, and which only makes itself known in the total result. "[29]:198, As for Lenin's approval of Clausewitz, it probably stems from his obsession with the struggle for power. [27], In modern times the reconstruction of Clausewitzian theory has been a matter of much dispute. Erfourth M. & Bazin, A. For the part of defence of Berlin during the World War II, see, "[T]he great uncertainty of all data in war is a peculiar difficulty, because all action must, to a certain extent, be planned in a mere twilight, which in addition not unfrequently——like the effect of a fog or moonshine——gives to things exaggerated dimensions and an unnatural appearance. [19], Clausewitz's emphasis on the inherent superiority of the defense suggests that habitual aggressors are likely to end up as failures. His widow edited, published, and wrote the introduction to his magnum opus on the philosophy of war in 1832. From Eisenhower's viewpoint, the best deterrent to war was to show the world just how appalling and horrific a nuclear “absolute war” would be if it should ever occur, hence a series of much publicized nuclear tests in the Pacific, giving first priority in the defense budget to nuclear weapons and delivery systems over conventional weapons, and making repeated statements in public that the United States was able and willing at all times to use nuclear weapons. Februar 1793 wurde er als Fähnrich im Infanterieregiment „Jung-Schwerin“ der Preußischen Armee angestellt. März 2020 um 12:04 Uhr bearbeitet. [1], In 1815 the Russian-German Legion became integrated into the Prussian Army and Clausewitz re-entered Prussian service as a colonel. Am 28. 11–19 from, Rapoport, Anatol "Introduction" pp. Der 18. The idea that war involves inherent "friction" that distorts, to a greater or lesser degree, all prior arrangements, has become common currency in fields such as business strategy and sport. However plausible this may appear, still it is an error which must be extirpated; for in such dangerous things as war, the errors which proceed from a spirit of benevolence are just the worst. The historian Lynn Montross said that this outcome "may be explained by the fact that Jomini produced a system of war, Clausewitz a philosophy. [6] His grandfather, the son of a Lutheran pastor, had been a professor of theology. Mit Patent vom 7. Nach dem Frieden von Tilsit folgte am 17. The British military historian John Keegan attacked Clausewitz's theory in his book A History of Warfare. Met de auto : R0 afrit 25 en/of Chaussée de Nivelles/Nijvelsesteenweg. He claims that Clausewitz was morally indifferent to war (though this probably reflects a lack of familiarity with personal letters from Clausewitz, which demonstrate an acute awareness of war's tragic aspects) and that his advice regarding politics' dominance over the conduct of war has nothing to do with pacifist ideas. October 1774 zu Nienburg an der Weser, wo sein Vater als Hofrath und Landsyndikus der Hoyaischen Landschaft lebte, geboren, trat Ende 1788 bei dem in Wesel garnisonirenden Infanterieregiment des Generals v. [15], The degree to which Clausewitz managed to revise his manuscript to reflect that synthesis is the subject of much debate. In der Schlacht bei Waterloo konnte er sich mit seinen Truppen besonders bewähren. With your consent we also use cookies and iframes of third party providers to present our social media content to you and make use of functional tracking and analysis tools to identify errors and continually improve your user experience. Napoleon's failure to destroy the Prussian forces led to his defeat a few days later at the Battle of Waterloo (18 June 1815), when the Prussian forces arrived on his right flank late in the afternoon to support the Anglo-Dutch-Belgian forces pressing his front. Namensgebung General Blücher, Preussischer General, der 1815 in der Schlacht bei Waterloo, Napoleon bezwang Letzter Kapitän: FK Alexander Erdmann Endschicksal: Schiff wurde am 24.1. He rejects the Enlightenment's view of the war as a chaotic muddle and instead explains its drawn-out operations by the economy and technology of the age, the social characteristics of the troops, and the commanders' politics and psychology. Eigentlich müsste sogar Linken und Grünen ein Befehlsverweigerer wie Yorck sympathisch sein – wenn sie etwas … (en) August W. A. Gneisenau et James E. Marston, The Life and Campaigns of Field Marshal Prince Blücher of Wahlstatt, New York's Public Library, 1815 (OCLC 03142316); 3. In any case, their failure to read the actual wording of the theory they so vociferously attack, and to grasp its deep relevance to the phenomena they describe, is hard to credit. Clausewitz was held prisoner with his prince in France from 1807 to 1808. He spelled his own given name with a "C" in order to identify with the classical Western tradition; writers who use "Karl" are often seeking to emphasize his German (rather than European) identity. Such skeptical comments apply only to intelligence at the tactical and operational levels; at the strategic and political levels he constantly stressed the requirement for the best possible understanding of what today would be called strategic and political intelligence. April 1842 wurde Luck am 31. Clausewitz entered the Prussian military service at the age of twelve as a lance-corporal, eventually attaining the rank of major general. 1996) (1re éd. 6. Other notable writers who have studied Clausewitz's texts and translated them into English are historians Peter Paret of the Institute for Advanced Study and Sir Michael Howard. Luck reformierte das Militärbildungswesen in den Bereichen der Kadettenanstalten und der Allgemeinen Kriegsschule in wichtigen Punkten. The armed forces of every belligerent, whether of a single state or of an alliance of states, have a certain unity, and in that way, connection; but where connection is there come in analogies of the center of gravity. 1. ernannte ihn zu seinem Flügeladjutanten. Februar 1809 seine Versetzung in das 1. 11–82 from, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (. Nach dem Tod von König Friedrich Wilhelm III. Bernard Brodie's A Guide to the Reading of "On War," in the 1976 Princeton translation, expressed his interpretations of the Prussian's theories and provided students with an influential synopsis of this vital work. However, such ideas as Clausewitz and Lilienstern shared in common derived from a common influence, i.e., Scharnhorst, who was Clausewitz's "second father" and professional mentor. [7] She also edited, published, and introduced his collected works. 7. siegreicher preußischer General bei Luckau, Großbeeren (Berlin), Dennewitz, Leipzig und La Belle-Alliance (Waterloo) “Wilhelm ist der am wenigsten befähigte von uns Brüdern, aber der klügste Offizier in der ganzen preußischen Armee.” Dietrich v. Apr 3, 2017 - History in 1/72: Waterloo - the Cuirassier Brigade. Électorat de Brandebourg Generalfeldmarschall 1. As described by Christopher Bassford, then-professor of strategy at the National War College of the United States: One of the main sources of confusion about Clausewitz's approach lies in his dialectical method of presentation. Unter Belassung in seiner bisherigen Stellung wurde Luck am 20. August Otto Rühle von Lilienstern – Prussian officer from whom Clausewitz allegedly took, without acknowledgement, several important ideas (including that about war as pursuing political aims) made famous in On War. Its commander, Gneisenau, died of cholera (August 1831), and Clausewitz took command of the Prussian army's efforts to construct a cordon sanitaire to contain the great cholera outbreak (the first time cholera had appeared in modern heartland Europe, causing a continent-wide panic). Brigade im II. An army led personally by Napoleon defeated the Prussians at Ligny (south of Mont-Saint-Jean and the village of Waterloo) on 16 June 1815, but they withdrew in good order. Er machte sich in den Jahren 1795-1805 als Katograf des norddeutschen Raumes einen Namen. But just as, in the world of inert matter, the action against the center of gravity has its measure and limits in the connection of the parts, so it is in war, and here as well as there the force exerted may easily be greater than the resistance requires, and then there is a blow in the air, a waste of force. Ein preußischer Offizier meldet dem britischen Feldherrn die Niederlage vo... n Ligny. One example of a heavy Clausewitzian influence in that era is Spenser Wilkinson, journalist, the first Chichele Professor of Military History at Oxford University, and perhaps the most prominent military analyst in Britain from c. 1885 until well into the interwar period. Wie kaum eine andere Streitkraft prägte die preußische Armee bis in die heutige Zeit die Verbindung von Militär und der zivilen Gesellschaft. Reiche: August Friedrich Ludwig Karl v. R., preußischer General der Infanterie, am 4. In On War he included a famous chapter on “The People in Arms.”[39], One prominent critic of Clausewitz is the Israeli military historian Martin van Creveld. [34] Observations. (en) Michael V. Leggiere, Blücher : Scourge of Napole… Neben dem Truppendienst widmete er sich die kommenden Jahre militärwissenschaftlichen Studien. The German General Staff The first volume on the Campaign of 1815, authored by Lettow-Vorbeck, appeared under the title Napoleons Untergang 1815, Erster Band Elba-Belle Alliance and covered the events up to and including the Battle of Waterloo. Clausewitz was a professional combat soldier who was involved in numerous military campaigns, but he is famous primarily as a military theorist interested in the examination of war, utilising the campaigns of Frederick the Great and Napoleon as frames of reference for his work. Heavily influenced by the war in Vietnam and by antipathy to American strategist Henry Kissinger, the American biologist, musician, and game-theorist Anatol Rapoport argued in 1968 that a Clausewitzian view of war was not only obsolete in the age of nuclear weapons, but also highly dangerous as it promoted a "zero-sum paradigm" to international relations and a "dissolution of rationality" amongst decision-makers. No two powers have used nuclear weapons against each other, instead using [diplomacy,] conventional [military] means, or proxy wars to settle disputes. November 1809 zum Kapitän und Chef der Leibkompanie. Clausewitz introduced systematic philosophical contemplation into Western military thinking, with powerful implications not only for historical and analytical writing but also for practical policy, military instruction, and operational planning. Nostitz was the son of Georg August von Nostitz-Ransen (15. Alvensleben, Gebhard Karl Ludolf von (1798–1867) war königlich preußischer General der Kavallerie; Kommandant von Berlin. German-Prussian soldier and military theorist, "Clausewitz" redirects here. The fate of the socialist movement was to be decided by a struggle between the revolutionists and the reformers. As a practical matter, the military objectives in real war that support political objectives generally fall into two broad types: limited aims or the effective "disarming" of the enemy "to render [him] politically helpless or militarily impotent. His historiographical approach is evident in his first extended study, written when he was 25, of the Thirty Years War. Hans Philipp August von Luck (* 26. British military theorist B. H. Liddell Hart contends that the enthusiastic acceptance by the Prussian military establishment—–especially Moltke the Elder, a former student of his [24]—–of what they believed to be Clausewitz's ideas, and the subsequent widespread adoption of the Prussian military system worldwide, had a deleterious effect on military theory and practice, due to their egregious misinterpretation of his ideas: As so often happens, Clausewitz's disciples carried his teaching to an extreme which their master had not intended.... [Clausewitz's] theory of war was expounded in a way too abstract and involved for ordinary soldier-minds, essentially concrete, to follow the course of his argument—–which often turned back from the direction in which it was apparently leading. In dieser Stellung war er während der Befreiungskriege zunächst im Hauptquartier von Blücher und beteiligte sich an den Schlachten bei Großgörschen und Bautzen. Another is naval historian Julian Corbett (1854–1922), whose work reflected a deep if idiosyncratic adherence to Clausewitz's concepts and frequently an emphasis on Clausewitz's ideas about 'limited objectives' and the inherent strengths of the defensive form of war. It is also very quiet at the outposts in front of Mons. 5. Juni 1815 war die letzte Schlacht Napoleon Bonapartes. The era of the French Revolution and Napoleon was full of revolutions, rebellions, and violence by "non-state actors," such as the wars in the French Vendée and in Spain. With some interesting exceptions (e.g., John McAuley Palmer, Robert M. Johnston, Hoffman Nickerson), Clausewitz had little influence on American military thought before 1945 other than via British writers, though Generals Eisenhower and Patton were avid readers of English translations. "[33]:37, Henry A. Kissinger, however, described Lenin's approach as being that politics is a continuation of war by other means, thus turning Clausewitz's argument "on its head. Clausewitz's family claimed descent from the Barons of Clausewitz in Upper Silesia, though scholars question the connection. In that capacity he served at the Battle of Ligny and the Battle of Wavre during the Waterloo Campaign in 1815. This point is especially important, as these wars demonstrated that such energies could be of decisive importance and for a time led to a democratisation of the armed forces much as universal suffrage democratised politics. Marschall Bl… Das Foto ist eine Szene aus "Waterloo" (1970), einem Historienfilm des Regisseurs Sergei Bondartschuk. At the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt on 14 October 1806—when Napoleon invaded Prussia and defeated the massed Prussian-Saxon army commanded by Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick—he was captured, one of the 25,000 prisoners taken that day as the Prussian army disintegrated. Movements of the 1st brigade May-June 1815. [32] The Russian historian A.N. He was interested in co-operation between the regular army and militia or partisan forces, or citizen soldiers, as one possible——sometimes the only——method of defense. Strachan, Hew, and Andreas Herberg-Rothe, eds. Aus seiner Brigade formierte sich im September 1818 die 13. Daniel Moran replied, 'The most egregious misrepresentation of Clausewitz's famous metaphor must be that of Martin van Creveld, who has declared Clausewitz to be an apostle of Trinitarian War, by which he means, incomprehensibly, a war of 'state against state and army against army,' from which the influence of the people is entirely excluded. This synthesis lies in his "fascinating trinity" [wunderliche Dreifaltigkeit]: a dynamic, inherently unstable interaction of the forces of violent emotion, chance, and rational calculation. Vor dem Zweiten Pariser Frieden wurde Luck nach Münster beordert und am 2. In U.S. military doctrine, "center of gravity" refers to the basis of an opponent's power at the operational, strategic, or political level, though this is only one aspect of Clausewitz's use of the term. Sokolovsky: In describing the essence of war, Marxism-Leninism takes as its point of departure the premise that war is not an aim in itself, but rather a tool of politics. (He had started working on the text in 1816, but had not completed it. Aus dieser Ehe gingen sieben Kinder hervor: Zuletzt bearbeitet am 20. 38 This circumstance is generally described as part of the fog of war. "[41] Christopher Bassford went further, noting that one need only read the paragraph in which Clausewitz defined his Trinity to see "that the words 'people,' 'army,' and 'government' appear nowhere at all in the list of the Trinity’s components.... Creveld's and Keegan's assault on Clausewitz's Trinity is not only a classic 'blow into the air,' i.e., an assault on a position Clausewitz doesn't occupy. ...Philanthropists may easily imagine there is a skillful method of disarming and overcoming an enemy without causing great bloodshed, and that this is the proper tendency of the art of War. Als besonderer Gunstbeweis überreichte der König dabei seinen eigenen Ordensstern mit der Bestimmung, das dieser von Luck immer anzulegen sei. (One should be careful not to limit his observations on war to war between states, however, as he certainly discusses other kinds of protagonists). But in the real world, he said, such rigid logic is unrealistic and dangerous. Dezember 1709 – 1795). The one has been outdated by new weapons, the other still influences the strategy behind those weapons. [9] He was soon appointed chief-of-staff of Johann von Thielmann's III Corps. Clausewitz acknowledges that friction creates enormous difficulties for the realization of any plan, and the fog of war hinders commanders from knowing what is happening.