operation condor deutschland
Deutschland 89 is available for streaming on AMC +, both individual episodes and full seasons. eventCategory: event.slot.getSlotElementId(), document.querySelector("#google_image_div").addEventListener('click',function(){ The human rights problem is a growing one. The Argentine Supreme Court under separate review declared them unconstitutional in June 2005. Deutschland 89 is a series that is currently running and has 3 seasons (26 episodes). Subscribe to our newsletter and stay up to date. Operation Condor also had the covert support of the US government. let gads_event; Berríos was found dead in El Pinar, near Montevideo (Uruguay), in 1995. On 26 April 2000, former governor of Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Sul Leonel Brizola, Jango's brother-in-law, alleged that ex-presidents João Goulart and Juscelino Kubitschek (who died in a car accident) were assassinated as part of Operation Condor. [26] In 2007, McSherry also confirmed the abduction and torture during this period of Chilean and Uruguayan refugees who were living in Buenos Aires, based on newly declassified CIA documents dated June 1976. Those steps were initiated but never implemented." [76], Later, CartaCapital published an interview with Jango's widow, Maria Teresa Fontela Goulart, revealing documents from the Uruguayan government detailing her complaints that her family had been monitored. His body had been so mutilated to make identification by appearance impossible. Robin said that she was shocked to learn that the French intelligence agency Direction de surveillance du territoire (DST) communicated to the DINA the names of refugees who returned to Chile (Operation Retorno), all of whom were killed. Episode Discussion: S03E04 - Operation Condor [Deutschland 89] Close. They confirmed all the published details of their kidnapping. Operation Condor: the cold war conspiracy that terrorised South America Illustration: Sr.Garcia/The Guardian During the 1970s and 80s, eight US … hitType: 'event', [87] According to National Security Archive analyst Peter Kornbluh, Pinochet's reaction to the attack and death of Rojas "contributed to Reagan’s decision to withdraw support for the regime and press for a return to civilian rule."[85]. "But we didn't. CIA documents show that the agency had close contact with members of the Chilean secret police, DINA, and its chief Manuel Contreras. Operation Condor resulted in the the political imprisonment of around half … President Fernando Henrique Cardoso ordered the release of some military files concerning Operation Condor in 2000. [34], The dictatorships and their intelligence services were responsible for tens of thousands of killed and missing people in the period between 1975 and 1985. jcb discover dinersclub visa mastercard amex. It seemed to be codenamed Condor. }) Try. Spanish police in cooperation with Interpol arrested a retired Uruguayan colonel wanted for … [118] Contreras was retained as a paid CIA contact until 1977, even as his involvement in the Letelier-Moffit assassination was being revealed. The amnesty laws (Ley de Obediencia Debida and Ley de Punto Final) of 1985–1986 stopped the trials until 2003, when the Congress repealed them, and in 2005 the Argentine Supreme Court ruled they were unconstitutional. [142], Argentine Admiral Luis María Mendía, who had theorized the practice of "death flights", testified in January 2007 before Argentine judges that a French intelligence "agent", Bertrand de Perseval, had participated in the abduction of two French nuns, Léonie Duquet and Alice Domon, who were later murdered. Your Ambassador can apprise you. [88] In September 1991, Carlos Herrera Jiménez, who killed trade-unionist Tucapel Jiménez, left by plane. [80] In 1999, the secretary of the National Security Council (NSC), Glyn T. Davies, declared that the declassified documents established the responsibility of Pinochet government in carrying out the assassination of Bernardo Leighton, as well as Orlando Letelier and General Carlos Prats. Based on the governments' perception of threats, officially the targets were armed groups (such as the MIR, the Montoneros or the ERP, the Tupamaros, etc. An ideological fear of its neighbors compelled them to protect its sovereignty. White reported a conversation with General Alejandro Fretes Davalos, chief of staff of Paraguay's armed forces, who informed him that the South American intelligence chiefs involved in Condor "[kept] in touch with one another through a U.S. communications installation in the Panama Canal Zone which cover[ed] all of Latin America". [92], Interviewed in the early 21st century by Dinges, Koch said that George H. W. Bush, then CIA director, informed him in October 1976 that "his sponsorship of legislation to cut off U.S. military assistance to Uruguay on human rights grounds had provoked secret police officials to 'put a contract out for you'. media-tech companies with hubs around the world. [139], On 16 February 2007, a request for the extradition of Kissinger was filed at the Supreme Court of Uruguay on behalf of Bernardo Arnone, a political activist who was kidnapped, tortured and disappeared by the dictatorial regime in 1976. The reporters and the Uruguayans had identified them as taking part in the kidnapping. The last comment confirms this: "It is encouraging to note that the Argentine military are aware of the problem and are already focusing on ways to avoid letting human rights issues become an irritant in US-Argentine Relations."[120]. Other articles where Operation Condor is discussed: Francisco Morales Bermúdez: …later accused of participating in Operation Condor, in which several South American military governments coordinated their efforts to systematically eliminate left-wing opponents in the 1970s and ’80s. Operation Condor / Operación Cóndor. *Article used with author's permission. The cross-border conspiracy of dictatorships in the 1970s and 1980s to "eradicate 'subversion,' a word which increasingly translated into non-violent dissent from the left and center left." When democracy was restored in Uruguay in 1984, the couple was released. [109][110], Edgardo Enríquez, Chilean leader of the MIR, "disappeared" in Argentina, as did the MIR leader Jorge Fuentes. The CIA provided lists of suspects and other intelligence information to the military states. if(document.querySelector("#google_image_div")){ MEAWW is an initialism for Media Entertainment Arts WorldWide. [46] In Your Money or your Life, historian and political scientist Éric Toussaint writes:[47]. The 19-year-old daughter-in-law of poet Juan Gelman was tortured here along with her husband, before being transported to a Montevideo prison. He assumes she is on her way to Romania to escape and follows her there. The State Department forced the Uruguayan government to withdraw their appointments, with the public explanation that "Fons and Gavazzo could be the objects of unpleasant publicity. [144] Deputy Roland Blum, in charge of the Commission, refused to allow Marie-Monique Robin to testify. I was very shocked by the duplicity of the French diplomatic position which, at the same time received political refugees with open arms, and collaborated with the dictatorships. "[129] A summary of material declassified in 2004 states that, The declassified record shows that Secretary of State Henry Kissinger was briefed on Condor and its "murder operations" on August 5, 1976, in a 14-page report from [Harry] Shlaudeman [Assistant Secretary of State]. Operation Condor was terrorism planned by the CIA. Episode Discussion: S03E04 - Operation Condor [Deutschland 89] 8 comments. McSherry added that "some 200 persons passed through Automotores Orletti, the key Condor detention center in Argentina," and cautioned that "these figures are likely underestimates".[12]:p. Ask questions and download or stream the entire soundtrack on Spotify, YouTube, iTunes, & Amazon. If you have an entertainment scoop or a story for us, please reach out to us on (323) 421-7515. share. The first purpose was to defuse/counter criticism of the governments involved by foreign media and the second was to cultivate national pride in the local populace. It is a sequel to the 2015 series Deutschland 83, and 2018 series Deutschland 86, and started airing from 25 September 2020. [75] As a result of the story, the Human Rights Commission of the Chamber of Deputies decided to investigate Jango's death. CUNHA, Luiz Cláudio, Operação Condor. }); Operation Condor is the code name for the collection, exchange and storage of intelligence data concerning leftists, communists and Marxists which was recently established between the cooperating services in South America in order to eliminate Marxist terrorists and their activities in the area. [142] "In practice", said Robin to Página/12, "the arrival of the French in Argentina led to a massive extension of intelligence services and of the use of torture as the primary weapon of anti-subversive war in the concept of modern warfare. Townley informed Interpol about Colonia Dignidad and the Army's Bacteriological Warfare Laboratory. Document dated 22 September 1976, sent by, Schlaudeman, Harry. In April 1991, Arturo Sanhueza Ross, linked to the murder of MIR leader Jecar Neghme in 1989, left the country. Where do I stream Deutschland 89 online? Armadura de Dios II: Operación Cóndor (en chino: 飛鷹計劃) es una película de artes marciales de Hong Kong escrita y dirigida por Jackie Chan, quien también protagonizó la cinta.Es la secuela de la película La armadura de Dios de 1986, también dirigida y protagonizada por Chan. In Argentina, the CONADEP human rights commission of 1983, led by writer Ernesto Sabato and René Favaloro among other respected personalities, investigated human rights abuses during the dictatorship. Condor's key members were A French priest there said to Marie-Monique Robin: "to save the soul of a Communist priest, one must kill him." [117], The third point of the report demonstrates the United States' understanding of Operation Condor's more nefarious operations. Condor was also seen by the CIA to be "engaged in non-violent activities, including psychological warfare and a propaganda campaign" that utilized the reach of the media to "publicize crimes and atrocities committed by terrorists." [45], During Martínez de Hoz's tenure, Argentina's foreign debt increased fourfold, and disparities between the upper and lower classes became much more pronounced. The Brazilian policeman was acquitted for lack of evidence. eventCategory: event.slot.getSlotElementId(), }); hitType: 'event', It is the sequel to 1986's Armour of God. While Peru had no representatives at the secret November 1975 meeting in Santiago de Chile, there is evidence of its involvement. }) The ambassador wrote that the Chief of the North American desk of the Foreign Ministry revealed that he had been asked by the "Military Planning Group" to prepare a report and recommendations for how the "future military government can avoid or minimize the sort of problems the Chilean and Uruguayan governments are having with the US over human rights issue." Based on learning that the men were drinking at the time, he recommended that the Agency take no action. save. Operation Condor was a United States-backed joint operation between the Mexican Army and the Mexican Federal Police to destroy the burgeoning drug industry in the Golden Triangle region of Mexico.The Golden Triangle region produced 74% of the United States' illegal drugs, including most of America's marijuana supply and locally-grown opium. Martin Rauch, a wide-eyed 24-year-old East German soldier plucked from obscurity, goes undercover as a West German soldier for the East Germany Secret Service. eventAction: 'click_ads' Newsletter . MEAWW brings you the best content from its global team of [2][3][12], In a United States Department of State briefing for Henry Kissinger, then the Secretary of State, dated August 3, 1976 written by Harry Shlaudeman and entitled the "Third World War and South America," the long-term dangers of a right-wing bloc and their initial policy recommendations were considered. } ", "Kissinger hindered US effort to end mass killings in Argentina, according to files", "5 August 1976 briefing of Henry Kissinger by Harry Shlaudeman, State", "Operation Condor: Cable Suggests U.S. Role", Latin America in the 1970s: "Operation Condor, an International Organization for Kidnapping Opponents", "Henry Kissinger rattrapé au Ritz, à Paris, par les fantômes du plan Condor", "Kissinger may face extradition to Chile", Piden, "Aptura y extradicion de kissinger por operacion condor, Argentine – "Escadrons de la mort : l'école française", "MM. Government forces took victims by plane or helicopter out to sea, dropping them to their deaths in planned disappearances. Operation Condor Colonel Found by Martin Myall • February 1, 2021. Luis Posada Carriles, an anti-Castro Cuban terrorist, boasted in his autobiography, Los Caminos Del Guerrero (The Roads of the Warrior), of the murder of the two young men.[112]. For instance, as late as June 1980, Peru was known to have collaborated with Argentine agents of 601 Intelligence Battalion in the kidnapping, torture and "disappearance" of a group of Montoneros living in exile in Lima. According to ESMA survivor Graciela Daleo, this tactic tries to claim that the crimes were legitimised by Isabel Perón's "anti-subversion decrees." Operation Condor: Setting precedent from one ‘war on terrorism’ to the next. According to Dinges' book Los años del Cóndor (The Years of the Condor), Chilean MIR prisoners in the Orletti center told José Luis Bertazzo that they had seen two Cuban diplomats, 22-year-old Jesús Cejas Arias and 26-year-old Crescencio Galañega, tortured by Gordon's group. [89] In October 1991, Eugenio Berríos, a chemist who had worked with DINA agent Michael Townley, was escorted from Chile to Uruguay by Operation Condor agents in order to avoid testifying in the Letelier case. [68] Hugo Cores, a former Uruguayan political prisoner, was the one who had called Cunha in warning. 4 months ago. Season 3 guide for Deutschland 83 TV series - see the episodes list with schedule and episode summary. They assassinated Chilean General Carlos Prats, former Uruguayan MPs Zelmar Michelini and Héctor Gutiérrez Ruiz, as well as the ex-president of Bolivia, Juan José Torres, in Buenos Aires. Posted by 4 months ago. It became an international scandal. [56] That year Italian attorney general Giancarlo Capaldo, who was investigating the "disappearances" of Italian nationals in Latin America, likely due to actions by Argentine, Chilean, Paraguayan and Brazilian military, accused 11 Brazilians of involvement. }); Bernardo Leighton and his wife were severely injured by a failed assassination attempt on Oct. 6, 1975, after settling in exile in Italy. [127], In June 1999, by order of President Bill Clinton, the State Department released thousands of declassified documents[128] revealing for the first time that the CIA and the State and Defense Departments were intimately aware of Condor. The United States government provided planning, coordinating, training on torture,[19] technical support and supplied military aid to the Juntas during the Johnson, Nixon, Ford, Carter, and the Reagan administrations. 11 May 2017. [91], In February 2004, reporter John Dinges published The Condor Years: How Pinochet and His Allies Brought Terrorism to Three Continents. gads_event = event; "[92] Koch only learned about the connections between the threats and the post appointments in 2001. Operation Condor resulted in the kidnap, torture and brutal murders of an estimated 80,000 people. The DIA noted that Argentina, Uruguay, and Chile were already fervently conducting operations, mainly in Argentina, against leftist targets. The report further states that the political traditions in Paraguay were anything but democratic. Ultimately, the démarche was never delivered. Adding a good deal of mystique is Walter Schweppenstette (Sylvester Groth) and his new wife Beate (Corinna Harfouch), who clearly knows a lot more than she is letting on. It was said that the RSO would not kill them if they agreed to cooperate and give information regarding future meetings in Rio. efeinternational. Episode 4 of 'Deutschland 89' is a high stake, thrilling instalment of the spy back in action. Operation Condor officially began in 1975, though CIA documents in this recent release suggest that the inter-country intelligence-sharing aspect had likely begun a year earlier in 1974. Regarding the ongoing human rights abuses by the Argentine junta, professor Ruth Blakeley writes that Kissinger "explicitly expressed his support for the repression of political opponents. [155], Chilean judge Juan Guzmán, who had arraigned Pinochet at his return to Chile after his arrest in London, started prosecution of some 30 torturers, including former head of the DINA Manuel Contreras, for the disappearance of 20 Chilean victims of the Condor plan. During the Conference of American Armies held in Caracas on 3 September 1973, Brazilian General Breno Borges Fortes, head of the Brazilian army, proposed to "extend the exchange of information" between various services in order to "struggle against subversion."[26]. } }); Condor Price Watch. Over the course of three weeks, they drafted a cautiously worded demarche, approved by Kissinger, in which he instructed the U.S. ambassadors in the Southern Cone countries to meet with the respective heads of state about Condor. However, the document notes only that Uruguay and Argentina were the only two countries to acknowledge the agreement. The DINA contacted Croatian terrorists (i.e. Operation Condor on trial. ga('ads.send', { hitType: 'event', Landau (1988: 119); (whose? personal ? Deutschland stars Jonas Nay as Martin Rauch, Ludwig Trepte as Alex Edel and Sylvester Groth as Walter Schweppenstette. [106] The de facto government spanned from 1973 to 1985, in which period a considerable number of people were murdered, tortured, illegally detained and imprisoned, kidnapped and forced into disappearance, in the purported defence against subversion. While Seelig stood trial in Brazil, Universindo and Lílian remained in prison in Uruguay and prevented from testifying. [147], Besides this "French connection," he has also accused former head of state Isabel Perón and former ministers Carlos Ruckauf and Antonio Cafiero, who had signed the "anti-subversion decrees" before Videla's 1976 coup d'état. [50] It has been claimed that suspected Italian terrorist Stefano Delle Chiaie was involved in the murder as well. Operation Condor (S03E04) is the fourth episode of season three of "Deutschland" released ... More Operation Condor (S03E04) is the fourth episode of season three of "Deutschland" released on Fri Sep 25, 2020. [98][99][100][101] Stroessner demanded the tapes of detainees screaming in pain to be played to their family members. McSherry, for example, estimated in 2002 that at least 402 individuals were killed or "disappeared" in Condor operations: "Some 132 Uruguayans (127 in Argentina, 3 in Chile, and 2 in Paraguay), 72 Bolivians (36 in Chile, 36 in Argentina), 119 Chileans, 51 Paraguayans (in Argentina), 16 Brazilians (9 in Argentina and 7 in Chile), and at least 12 Argentines in Brazil". "[20] Condor was part of this effort. [66] Captain Glauco Yanonne, was personally responsible for torturing Universindo Rodriquez in the DOPS headquarters in Porto Alegre. [45] The period ended in a tenfold devaluation and one of the worst financial crises in Argentine history. ga('ads.send', { These documents revealed U.S. complicity in the Dirty War and Operation Condor. The Condor Legion developed methods of strategic bombingwhich were used widely in the Second World War shortly afterwards. Operation Condor murdered leftists and suspected leftists and their 'sympathizers'. [112] Decades later, President Jorge Batlle ordered an investigation and finally, Macarena Gelman was found and recovered her identity. 229–263; DINGES, John. window.googletag.pubads().addEventListener('impressionViewable', function(event) { The Uruguayan officers included Colonel José Fons, who was at the November 1975 secret meeting in Santiago, Chile; and Major José Nino Gavazzo, who headed a team of intelligence officers working in Argentina in 1976 and was responsible for more than 100 Uruguayans' deaths. Porto Alegre: L&PM, 2008. The US feared that the connection to Condor might be publicly revealed at a time when the assassination in the U.S.A. of Chilean former minister Orlando Letelier and his American assistant Ronni Moffitt was being investigated. Barreiro also said that the order to assassinate Goulart came from Sérgio Paranhos Fleury, head of the Departamento de Ordem Política e Social (Department of Political and Social Order) and the licence to kill came from president Ernesto Geisel. He also stated that there is declassified documentation of the CIA and cable information disseminated by WikiLeaks, which account for the links of the Morales Bermudez government with Operation Condor. ga('ads.send', { Operation Condor murdered leftists and suspected leftists and their 'sympathizers'. To this day, the legacy of Operation Condor haunts South America. The United States documentation shows that the United States provided key organizational, financial and technical assistance to the operation into the 1980s. Augusto Pinochet and Henry Kissinger in 1976. There she delivered a baby which was immediately stolen by Uruguayan military officers and placed for illegal adoption with friends of the regime. As it turns out, Lenora is part of a second terrorist cell, just as involved as him. "Torturador ganhou um Nobel". window.googletag.pubads().addEventListener('slotRenderEnded', function(event) { The third phase of Operation Condor included plans to assassinate and take other measures against opponents of the military dictatorships in other countries, such as France, Portugal, the United States, Italy and Mexico. Fourteen of the remaining 16 defendants got eight to 25 years. The government's report in December 2003 was described by Robin as being in the utmost bad faith. hide. [70][71], On 27 January 2008, the newspaper Folha de S.Paulo printed a story with a statement from Mario Neira Barreiro, a former intelligence service member under Uruguay's dictatorship. Web. They found what became known as the "Archives of Terror" (Portuguese: Arquivos do Terror), documenting the fates of thousands of Latin American political prisoners, who were secretly kidnapped, tortured and killed by the security services of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay. "[131] A 1978 cable from the US ambassador to Paraguay, Robert White, to the Secretary of State Cyrus Vance, was published on 6 March 2001 by The New York Times. He said that Pinochet met Italian neofascist terrorist Stefano Delle Chiaie during Franco's funeral in Madrid in 1975 and arranged to have Altamirano murdered. General Carlos Prats and his wife, Sofía Cuthbert were killed by a car bomb on 30 September 1974, in Buenos Aires, where they lived in exile. Plot. The Argentine trial dates back to the years of impunity in South America in the 1990s. According to the official statement, the Italian government "could not confirm nor deny that Argentine, Brazilian, Paraguayan and Chilean militaries [military officers] will be submitted to a trial. When Martin Rauch (Jonas Nay) wakes up from his magic mushrooms trip in frankfurt, he has little idea of what he has gotten himself in. Production value of the show including fashion and props is, like always, top quality inducing a sense of nostalgia. The same report described Condor's "joint counterinsurgency operations" that aimed to "eliminate Marxist terrorist activities"; Argentina, it noted, created a special Condor team "structured much like a U.S. Special Forces Team. [83][84] According to the Miami Herald, Luis Posada Carriles was at this meeting, which decided on Letelier's death and also the Cubana Flight 455 bombing. Police officer Pedro Seelig, the head of the DOPS at the time of the kidnapping, was identified by the Uruguayan couple as the man in charge of the operation in Porto Alegre. [21], According to American historian J. Patrice McSherry, based on formerly secret CIA documents from 1976, in the 1960s and early 1970s plans were developed among international security officials at the US Army School of the Americas and the Conference of American Armies to deal with perceived threats in South America from political dissidents. <. Payment Options. It claimed that no agreement had ever been signed on this issue between France and Argentina. [60] When they arrived, the journalists were at first taken to be other political opposition members by the armed men who had arrested Celiberti, and they were arrested in turn. "[132] In addition, an Argentine military source told a U.S. Embassy contact that the CIA was privy to Condor and had played a key role in setting up computerized links among the intelligence and operations units of the six Condor states. Similarly, on the show, the Baumgarten couple could be playing the real-life assassins. The civic-military dictatorship of Argentina existed from 1976 to 1983 by the military juntas under Operation Condor. [107] Prior to the 1973 coup d'état, the CIA had acted as a consultant to the law enforcement agencies in the country. [61], When their identities were made clear, the journalists had exposed the secret operation by their presence. [72][73] In July 2008, a special commission of the Legislative Assembly of Rio Grande do Sul, Goulart's home state, concluded that "the evidence that Jango was willfully assassinated, with knowledge of the Geisel government, is strong. [116] Members of SIDE were also operating with Uruguayan military Intelligence officers in an operation carried out against the Uruguayan terrorist organization, the OPR-33. The Condor trial charges 25 high-ranking officers, originally including former Argentine presidents Jorge Videla (deceased) and Reynaldo Bignone (aged … Mexico, along with Costa Rica, Canada, France, the United Kingdom, Spain, and Sweden, received many people fleeing as refugees from the terror regimes. Giscard d'Estaing et Messmer pourraient être entendus sur l'aide aux dictatures sud-américaines", RAPPORT FAIT AU NOM DE LA COMMISSION DES AFFAIRES ÉTRANGÈRES SUR LA PROPOSITION DE RÉSOLUTION (n° 1060), tendant à la création d'une commission d'enquête sur le rôle de la France dans le soutien aux régimes militaires d'Amérique latine entre 1973 et 1984, PAR M. ROLAND BLUM, Argentine : M. de Villepin défend les firmes françaises, Disparitions : un ancien agent français mis en cause, Astiz llevó sus chicanas a los tribunales, "European spies sought lessons from dictators' brutal 'Operation Condor, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-15472396d, "20 års fengsel for argentinsk eksdiktator", "Former Uruguayan president sentenced to 30 years", State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South, The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability, When States Kill: Latin America, the U.S., and Technologies of Terror, Predatory States: Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America, "Derechos Humanos y Desaparecidos en Dictaduras Militares" (Human Rights and the Disappeared of the Military Dictatorships), The Condor Years – How Pinochet and His Allies Brought Terrorism to Three Continents, Ed Koch Threatened with Assassination in 1976, How Paraguay's 'Archive of Terror' put Operation Condor in focus, Operation Condor Trial Tackles Coordinated Campaign by Latin American Dictatorships to Kill Leftists, Argentina begins prosecution of military-era human rights abuses, Fight of the Condor: uncovering South America's shame – in pictures, The United States Declassification Project on Argentina, The CIA's Secret Global War Against the Left, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_Condor&oldid=1010457199, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Intelligence agencies of respective participating countries, 60,000–80,000 suspected leftist sympathizers killed, Chilean armed forces commanded by General, "Disappearance" of two Cuban diplomats in Argentina, Crecencio Galañega Hernández and Jesús Cejas Arias, who transited through Orletti detention center in Buenos Aires (9 August 1976 – see. Prime Basket. That doesn't sound like an easy ride for the German superspy. The exposure of the operation is believed to have prevented the murder of the couple and their two young children, as the news of the political kidnapping of Uruguayan nationals in Brazil made headlines in the Brazilian press.