Currently, there is no military draft in Myanmar. At Myaungmya in the Irrawaddy delta, an ethnic war broke out between Burmese BIA men and Karens, with both sides responsible for massacres. Vor zehn Jahren hat das Militär in Myanmar erste Schritte zu einem Demokratisierungsprozess im Land zugelassen. These policies would lead to long-term negative tensions among the country's ethnic groups. [57], Over the past decade, through a series of modernisation programs, the Tatmadaw has developed and invested in better Command, Control, Communication and Intelligence system; real-time intelligence; formidable air defence system; and early warning systems for its 'strategic denial' and 'total people's defence' doctrine. To prepare for the transition to the new doctrine, Brigadier General San Yu, the then Vice Chief of Staff (Army), sent a delegation led by Lieutenant Colonel Thura Tun Tin was sent to Switzerland, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia and East Germany in July 1964 to study organisation structure, armaments, training, territorial organisation and strategy of people's militias. But few Burmese bothered to join. Die japanischen Truppen der 15. A state of emergency had been declared for one year. [12][13][14] The Irrawaddy stated in September 2015 that the AA had 2,500 troops and 10,000 supporters. Local insurgents on the Burmese side of the border told The Irrawaddy that the weapons were likely being smuggled for the Arakan Army because "they pay good prices". Ing Birmania (Inggles: Myanmar), opisyal a aus Pisanmetung a Birmania, iya ing pekamalapad a bangsa agpang keng geographical area ning mainland Maulingalbugang Asia.. Ing Birmania ikua ne ing katimawan ibat United Kingdom inyang Eneru 4 1948.Iti meging yang "Socialist Republic ning Pisanmetung a Birmania" inyang Eneru 4 1974, bayu ya mibalik king "Pisanmetung a Burma" inyang … It was subsequently upgraded to a lieutenant general. It is the armed wing of the United League of Arakan (ULA), currently led by Major General Twan Mrat Naing. Lieutenant Colonel Maung Maung drew up defence doctrine based on conventional warfare concepts, with large infantry divisions, armoured brigades, tanks and motorised war with mass mobilisation for the war effort being the important element of the doctrine. Its personnel number 19,000 (including two naval infantry battalions). [38], In February 2021, the Tatmadaw detained Aung San Suu Kyi and other high-ranking politicians after a contested election with disputed results. "[43] Revenues from MEHL and MEC are kept "off-book," enabling the military to autonomously finance military affairs with limited civilian oversight. [47], The initial development of Burmese military doctrine post-independence was developed in the early 1950s to cope with external threats from more powerful enemies with a strategy of Strategic Denial under conventional warfare. Also, three additional regional military commands were created. The wartime army also consisted of elephantry, cavalry, artillery and naval units. [42], On 9 March 2019, around 60 AA insurgents launched an evening attack on Yoe-ta-yoke Police Station. [57], Within the policy, the role of the Tatmadaw was defined as a `modern, strong and highly capable fighting force'. [57], Overall command of Tatmadaw (armed forces) rested with the country's highest-ranking military officer, a general, who acted concurrently as Defence Minister and Chief of Staff of Defence Services. Beim Militärputsch in Myanmar 2021 handelt es sich um einen Putsch der myanmesischen Streitkräfte, geführt von General Min Aung Hlaing, gegen die demokratisch gewählte Regierung unter Aung San Suu Kyi.Am 1. [34] The agreement will envisage exchanging information on international security issues, including fight against terrorism, cooperation in the sphere of culture and vacation of servicemen and their families, along with exchanging experience in peacekeeping activities. Thailand), and enemies with greater strength. Myanmar is a country in Southeast Asia.Its full name is the Republic of the Union of Myanmar.It is also sometimes called Burma.Myanmar is a country in Southeast Asia that is not an island. [30][31], On 4 January 2019, around 300 members of the Arakan Army launched pre-dawn attacks on four border police outposts—Kyaung Taung, Nga Myin Taw, Ka Htee La and Kone Myint—in northern Buthidaung Township. Reconnaissance, Ambush and all weather day and night offensive and attack capabilities along with winning the hearts and minds of people are important parts of anti-guerrilla warfare. The most serious problem was the tension between Karen Officers, coming from the British Burma Army and Burmese officers, coming from the Patriotic Burmese Force (PBF). The Army Commander in Chief is now elevated to full general (Bo gyoke Kyii) rank and also acted as deputy commander in Chief of the Defence Services. On 1 April 1937, Burma was made a separate colony, and Burmese were now eligible to join the army. The Burma Socialist Programme Party became the sole political party and it the majority of its full members were military. … It is administered by the Ministry of Defence and composed of the Army, the Navy and the Air Force. It refers to the military forces of the Pagan Dynasty, the Ava Kingdom, the Toungoo Dynasty and the Konbaung Dynasty in chronological order. [32] In May 2016, Myanmar's Union Parliament approved a military cooperation agreement with Russia following a proposal by Deputy Minister of Defence. In 2008, the two countries deployed warships after Myanmar attempted to explore a disputed Bay of Bengal seabed for oil and gas. The Myanmar Army has always been by far the largest service and has always received the lion's share of Burma's defence budget. The doctrine did not develop concepts of strategic denial or counter-offensive capabilities. Thanchi Market Fire 'Arakan Army Sabotage'! The Myanmar Navy currently operates more than 122 vessels. All RMC Commander positions were raised to the level of major general and also serve as appointed chairmen of the state- and division-level Law and Order Restoration Committees. This page was last edited on 14 October 2020, at 02:26. As the technological gap between European powers widened in the 18th century, the army was dependent on Europeans' willingness to sell more sophisticated weaponry. The doctrine was based upon 'three totalities': population, time and space (du-thone-du) and 'four strengths': manpower, material, time and morale (Panama-lay-yat). The Burma Independence Army led by Aung San (the father of Aung San Su Kyi) fought in the Burma Campaign on the side of the Imperial Japanese Army. Sie bestand aus der 15. The Rakhine State government issued a notice blocking non-governmental organisations and UN agencies, except for the International Committee of the Red Cross and the World Food Programme, from travelling to rural areas in these townships affected by the conflict. Recently, the Tatmadaw has been widely accused by Western-backed organizations of human rights offenses including ethnic cleansing,[11][12][13] torture, sexual assault and massacre of civilians. [36][37] Following the attacks, the Office of the President of Myanmar held a high-level meeting on national security in the capital Naypyidaw on 7 January 2019, and instructed the Defense Ministry to increase troop deployments in the areas that were attacked and to use aircraft if necessary. [citation needed], On 1 January 1956, the War Office was officially renamed as the Ministry of Defence. Negara seluas 676.578 km² ini telah diperintah oleh pemerintahan militer sejak kudeta tahun 1988. [48], On 6 February 2020, the Arakan Army attacked an outpost of the Tatmadaw on a bank of Kaladan River in Chin State. At the time of Myanmar's independence in 1948, the Tatmadaw was weak, small and disunited. [58], The Joint Staff within the Ministry of Defence consisted of three major branches, one each for Army, Navy and Air Force, along with a number of independent departments. While it defeated the Portuguese and French intrusions in the 17th and 18th centuries respectively, the army could not stop the advance of the British Empire in the 19th century, losing all three Anglo-Burmese wars. This new ministry was abolished after its minister Lt. Gen. Tin Hla was sacked in 2001. [31] In 2014, Lieutenant-General Anthony Crutchfield, the deputy commander of the United States Pacific Command (USPACOM), was invited to address his counterparts at the Myanmar National Defence College in Naypyidaw, which trains colonels and other high-ranking military officers. Die Armee warf der Regierung von Aung San Suu Kyi Wahlfälschung vor. [33] In June 2016, Myanmar and Russia signed a defence cooperation agreement. The first special musket and artillery units, equipped with Portuguese matchlocks and cannon, were formed in the 16th century. Elles disposent également de services auxiliaires, comme la police militaire birmane, les milices populaires birmanes et les forces frontalières, … Myanmar, official-ye id Respublic ios Union os Myanmar (myanma bahsa: ပြည်ထောင်စု သမ္မတ မြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်, prever Englisch nam: Burma) est un souverain Stat in Sud-Eust Asia lizden ab Bangladesh, Hind, China, Laos ed Thayland. [23], According to the war establishment adopted on 14 April 1948, Chief of Staff was under the War Office with the rank of major general. As a result, they took up arms against the Myanmar Army in support of the KIA. Several high-ranking and senior officers were dismissed due to their involvement and supporting various political parties.[25]. He stated that if the "disturbances" continued the "Army would have to be called and I would like to make it clear that if the Army shoots, it has no tradition of shooting into the Air, it would shoot straight to hit".[30]. [60] The Regional Military Commanders, all senior army officers, usually of Brigadier General rank, were responsible for the conduct of military operations in their respective RMC areas. In 1996, the Eastern Command in Shan State was split into two RMCs, and South Eastern Command was divided to create a new RMC in country's far south coastal regions.[61]. The elections of 1960 had put U Nu back as the Prime Minister and Pyidaungsu Party (Union Party) led civilian government resume control of the country. The Army's elite mobile Light Infantry Divisions (LID) were managed separately under a staff colonel. [46], On 22 September 2019, fighting broke out near Taunggyi Village in Myebon Township, as the ceasefire expired. According to a leaked combat report, nine policemen were killed, two were injured, and a dozen weapons, including 10 BA-63 assault rifles, were stolen by the attackers. Myanmar var från 1886 en del av det brittiska kolonialväldet, men blev självständigt 1948, ett år efter Indien och Pakistan.. Inbördeskriget i Burma, ett etniskt präglat krig mellan centralregeringen och olika etniska minoritetsgrupper, inleddes strax efter självständigheten.Det blossade åter upp runt 2010. The Arakan Army (Burmese: ရက္ခိုင့်တပ်တော်; abbreviated AA) is a Rakhine armed group in Myanmar (Burma) based on Kachin State, founded on 10 April 2009. The Tatmadaw's organisational and command structure dramatically changed after the military coup in 1988. Under the Adjutant General Office, there are three directorates: Medical Services, Resettlement, and Provost Martial. Thus, all service personnel are theoretically volunteers, but the People's Militia Law allows for conscription if the President considers it necessary for Myanmar's defence that the provisions of the law be activated. Battalion size operations were also practised in the South West Regional Military Command area. Add new page. Anti-Guerrilla warfare tactics were taught at combat forces schools and other training establishments with special emphasis on ambush and counter-ambush, counterinsurgency weapons and tactics, individual battle initiative for tactical independence, commando tactics, and reconnaissance. Most AA soldiers were originally trained at the KIA Military Academy; however, the AA has additional training camps in Rakhine State. However, the conventional strategy under the concept of total war was undermined by the lack of appropriate command and control system, proper logistical support structure, sound economic bases and efficient civil defence organisations. In Myanmar armed forces, Non-Commissioned Officers are refer to as Sayar, meaning Teacher, by both enlisted men and officers. The armed forces under General Saw Maung formed a State Law and Order Restoration Council, repealed the constitution and declared martial law on 18 September 1988. [41][42], The military also generates substantial revenue through 2 conglomerates, the Myanma Economic Holdings Limited (MEHL) and the Myanmar Economic Corporation (MEC). [38], Myanmar Army soldiers from the 22nd Light Infantry Division, elements of the 66th and 99th Light Infantry Divisions, and battalions from the Western Command of the Tatmadaw were reportedly involved in the subsequent military offensive against the Arakan Army. Cracks appeared along the lines of ethnic background, political affiliation, organisational origin and different services. In early 1990, a new RMC was formed in Burma's north west, facing India. In terms of percentage, that is about 0.01%. Vice Chief of Staff was a brigadier general. He thus exercised both political and operational control over the entire country and armed forces. [41] Defence budgets were publicly shared for the first time in 2015, and in recent years, parliamentary lawmakers have demanded greater transparency in military spending. Das Militär verhängte den Notstand. At the same time, all of the MIU in the whole country were raided and arrested by OSS corps. NUS Press, Singapur 2016, ISBN 978-9971-69-866-9, S. 151–178. The officer corps shared by ex-PBF officers and officers from the British Burma Army and Army of Burma Reserve Organisation (ABRO). This new threat perception, previously insignificant under the nation's isolationist foreign policy, led Tatmadaw leaders to review the defence capability and doctrine of the Tatmadaw. [48], The objective was to contain the offensive of the invading forces at the border for at least three months, while waiting for the arrival of international forces, similar to the police action by international intervention forces under the directive of United Nations during the war on Korean peninsula. The Myanmar Air Force (တပ်မတော် (လေ), pronounced [taʔmədɔ̀ lè]), known until 1989 as the Burmese Air Force, is the aerial branch of Myanmar's armed forces, the Tatmadaw.The primary mission of the Myanmar Air Force (MAF) since its inception has been to provide transport, logistical, and close air support to the Myanmar Army in counter-insurgency operations. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. Conscription was based on the ahmudan system, which required local chiefs to supply their predetermined quota of men from their jurisdiction on the basis of population in times of war. [51], Despite failure, the Tatmadaw continued to rely on this doctrine until the mid-1960s. 5. (Minami Organ) Established on February 1, 1941, by the Imperial General Headquarters of the Japanese Army, the Minami Kikan was a clandestine organization designed to promote Japanese war aims in Burma. The Arakan Army later stated that it had captured nine BGP personnel and five civilians, and that three of its fighters were also killed in the attacks. However, at midnight of 8 August 1988 troops from 22 Light Infantry Division guarding Yangon City Hall opened fire on unarmed protesters as the crack down against the protests began. This included reviews of international and domestic political situations, studies of the potential sources of conflicts, collection of information for strategic planning and defining the possible routes of foreign invasion. [57], It is designed to deter potential aggressors by the knowledge that defeat of the Tatmadaw's regular forces in conventional warfare would be followed by persistent guerrilla warfare in the occupied areas by people militias and dispersed regular troops which would eventually wear down the invading forces, both physically and psychologically, and leave it vulnerable to a counter-offensive. Thousands of young men joined its ranks—reliable estimates range from 15,000 to 23,000. The MA series of weapons were designed to replace the old German-designed but locally manufactured Heckler & Koch G3s and G4s that equipped Burma's army since the 1960s. Placées sous l'autorité du Ministère birman de la défense, elles sont composées de l'armée birmane (armée de terre), de la marine birmane et de la Force aérienne du Myanmar. Moreover, in response to Naypyidaw's post-2011 political and economic reforms, Australia re-established a ‘normal’ bilateral relationship with Myanmar to support democratisation and reform. [49], At the beginning of the 1950s, while the Tatmadaw was able to reassert its control over most part of the country, Kuomintang (KMT) troops under General Li Mi, with support from the United States, invaded Burma and used the country's frontier as a springboard for attack against the People's Republic of China, which in turn became the external threat to state security and sovereignty of Burma. [45], In July 2019, the Myanmar Police, in cooperation with the government of Singapore, arrested AA leader Twan Mrat Naing's younger brother, Aung Mrat Kyaw, along with others who were accused of financially supporting the AA. Les forces armées birmanes, officiellement connues sous le nom de Tatmadaw (birman တပမတ, [taʔmədɔ]2) sont l'organisation militaire de la Birmanie (République de l'Union du Myanmar). VAG handles adjutant staff matters and there were also three branch offices; AG-1 planning, recruitment and transfer; AG-2 discipline, moral, welfare, and education; AG-3 salary, pension, and other financial matters. It was common view of the commanders that unless insurgency was suppressed, foreign interference would be highly probable,[54] therefore counterinsurgency became the core of the new military doctrine and strategy. [18][19], After the first world war, the British stopped recruiting Burmese, and discharged all but one Burmese companies had been abolished by 1925. For powerful enemy and foreign invaders, Tatmadaw should engage in total people's war, with a special focus on guerrilla strategy.[56]. Many others were injured. [36] A 2019 UN report revealed the degree to which the country's military uses its own businesses, foreign companies and arms deals to support, away from the public eye, a “brutal operations” against ethnic groups that constitute “serious crimes under international law”, bypassing civilian oversight and evading accountability. On 2 March 1962, the then Chief of Staff of Armed Forces, General Ne Win staged a coup d'état and formed the "Union Revolutionary Council". It was with this background that Tatmadaw's "multifaceted" defence policy was formulated and its military doctrine and strategy could be interpreted as defence-in-depth. Geschichte. The council includes all senior military officers and commanders of the RMCs. The BIA was soon replaced with the Burma Defence Army, founded on 26 August 1942 with three thousand BIA veterans. Before 1937, with few exceptions, no Burmese were allowed to serve in the military. Koordinaten: Koordinaten: 16° 41′ N, 98° 30′ O Basisdaten Staat: Myanmar: State Kayin-Staat: ISO 3166-2: MM-13: Einwohner: 113.155 (Zensus 2014) Am 18. [23] On 27 August 2015, there was a clash between the AA and Bangladesh border guard forces, with both sides opening fire near the Boro Modak area of Thanci in the Bandarban district, near the shared Burma-Bangladesh border. Operational Command in the field was exercised through a framework of Regional Military Commands (RMC), the boundaries of which corresponded with the country's Seven States and Seven Divisions. While the army had held its own against the armies of the kingdom's neighbours, its performance against more technologically advanced European armies deteriorated over time. [8][9] According to Amnesty International, AA has perpetrated violence and abuse against civilians, including abductions and forced labour. Crush All Those Harming the Union - Sign outside Mandalay Palace - Mandalay - Myanmar (Burma) (11979558975).jpg 3,648 × 2,736; 3.82 MB UWSA female soldiers stand at attention during ceremonies.jpg 6,000 × 3,376; 15.88 MB Following Myanmar's political reforms, Myanmar has made substantial shifts in its relations with major powers comprising China, Russia and the United States. During the war, the British relaxed the ban, raising a Burmese battalion in the 70th Burma Rifles, a Burmese company in the 85th Burma Rifles, and seven Burmese Mechanical Transport companies. Cracks appeared along the lines of ethnic background, political affiliation, organizational origin and different services. The new doctrine of total people's war, and the strategy of anti-guerrilla warfare for counterinsurgency and guerrilla warfare for foreign invasion, were designed to be appropriate for Burma. The General Staff consisted two Bureaus of Special Operations (BSO), which were created in April 1978 and June 1979 respectively. The development was the reflection of sensitivity towards direct foreign invasion or invasion by proxy state during the turbulent years of the late 1980s and early 1990s, for example: the unauthorised presence of a US aircraft carrier Battle Group in Myanmar's territorial waters during the 1988 political uprising as evidence of an infringement of Myanmar's sovereignty. The Adjutant General (AG) was a brigadier general whereas the Judge Advocate General (JAG), Military Secretary (MS) and Vice Adjutant General (VAG) were colonels. The Myanmar Air Force was formed on 16 January 1947, while Myanmar (also known as Burma) was still under British rule. [59], These BSO are similar to "Army Groups" in Western armies, high level staff units formed to manage different theatres of military operations. The British used mainly Indian and Nepalese Gurkha troops to conquer and pacify the country. [37] In June 2020, the Tatmadaw accused China for arming rebel groups in the country's frontier areas. It was reorganised on 1 October 1995 and informally become part of Tatmadaw. [44], In the FY 2019-20 national budget, the military was allocated 3,385 billion kyats (approximately US$2.4 billion). The Navy and Air Force Offices within the Ministry were headed by the Vice Chiefs of Staff for those Services. In 1997, the SLORC was abolished and the military government created the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC). Colonel Saw Myint, who was second in command for the operation, also complained about the long lines of communications and the excessive pressure imposed upon the units for public relations activities to prove that the support of the people was behind the operation. On 18 October 2004, the OSS and DDSI were abolished during the purge of General Khin Nyunt and military intelligence units. [18] The British used Indian and ethnic minority dominated troops to ruthlessly put down ethnic majority dominated rebellions such as Saya San's peasant rebellion in 1930–1931. However, this strategy became increasingly irrelevant and unsuitable in the late 1950s as the insurgents and KMT changed their positional warfare strategy to hit and run guerrilla warfare.[52][53]. The Tatmadaw had sentenced seven soldiers to 10-year prison terms for killing 10 Rohingya men in Rakhine in September 2017. For the country's historical armed forces, see, Post-independence/civil war era (1948–1958), KMT invasion/Burma Socialist Programme Party era (1958–1988), Organisational, Command and Control structure, Political representation in Burma's parliament. They were all based at Ministry of Defence (Kakweyay Wungyi Htana) in Rangoon/Yangon. Before 1988, the Myanmar Navy was small and its role in the many counterinsurgency operations was much less conspicuous than those of the army and air force. September die Übernahme von 5200 der Kämpfer in die reguläre Armee. On 1 January 1886, the millennium-old Burmese monarchy and its military arm, the Royal Burmese Army, were formally abolished by the British. It relied almost totally on irregular low-intensity warfare, such as its guerrilla strategy to counter any form of foreign invasion. According to a press release by the Arakan Army, 11 personnel, including four military engineers, were captured and 16 backhoe excavators, one Toyota car, a dump truck, and 60 mm and 80 mm mortars were confiscated. A research team was also formed at General Staff Office within the War Office to study defence capabilities and militia formations of neighbouring countries. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the Creative Commons CC0 License; all unstructured text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. [9] The NDSC is an eleven-member National Security Council responsible for security and defence affairs in Myanmar. März 1943 stellte das Daihon’ei (Kaiserliche Hauptquartier des Heeres und der Marine) die Regionalarmee Burma unter dem Kommando von General Kawabe Masakazu in Rangun in Burma als Bestandteil der Südarmee auf. These include Regional Operation Commands (ROC, or Da Ka Sa), which are subordinate to RMCs, and Military Operations Commands (MOC, or Sa Ka Kha), which are equivalent to Western infantry divisions. "[6], According to the BBC, there is popular support for the Arakan Army in Mrauk U and a number of men from the town have recently joined the group. Die reagiert mit Internetsperren und Schüssen auf Demonstrierende. Am 27. မြန်မာ mranma [mjəmà]) eli Myanmarin liiton tasavalta eli Burma on valtio Kaakkois-Aasiassa.Se on pinta-alaltaan Kaakkois-Aasian toiseksi suurin maa Indonesian jälkeen. Many of the fresh recruits lacked discipline. BSO-2 responsible for South Eastern Command (SEC), South Western Command (SWC), Western Command (WC) and Central Command (CC).[59]. Fighting continued for weeks and peaked in the second week of March when the Arakan Army claimed it had captured 36 soldiers, including a battalion commander. Register Military. By 1948, the new air force fleet included 40 Airspeed Oxfords, 16 de Havilland Tiger Moths, 4 Austers and 3 Supermarine Spitfires transferred from Royal Air Force with a few hundred personnel. The Chief of Staff office also had one GSO-II and one GSO-III for field engineering, and the Chief Signal Officer and a GSO-II for signal. Myanmar, numită oficial Republica Uniunea Myanmar, cunoscută în limba română și ca Birmania, este a doua țară ca mărime din Asia de sud-est.Se învecinează cu Republica Populară Chineză la nord, Laos la est, Thailanda la sud-est, Bangladesh la vest și India la nord-vest, cu Marea Andaman la sud și Golful Bengal la sud-vest (cu un total de peste 2000 de kilometri de coastă). All these officers were responsible for the overall management of the various naval and air bases around the country, and the broader administrative functions such as recruitment and training. [26] Several Tatmadaw personnel, including one commanding officer, were killed in sniper attacks. [50], The then Tatmadaw leadership argued that the excessive media coverage was partly to blame for the failure of Operation "Naga Naing". The Medical Corps and the Provost Marshall Office were under the Adjutant General Office. Its unity and operational efficiency was further weakened by the interference of civilians and politicians in military affairs, and the perception gap between the staff officers and field commanders. The Arakan Army purportedly advocates for self-determination for the multi-ethnic Arakanese population, the safeguarding and promotion of the national identity and cultural heritage of the Arakan people, and the "national dignity" and best interests of the Arakan people. Under the Quartermaster General Office are the directorates of Military Engineering (garrison section), Supply and Transport, Ordnance Services, and Electricaland Mechanical Engineering. An unknown number of military personnel were killed in the fighting. [43] Revenues generated from these business interests have strengthened the Burmese military's autonomy from civilian oversight, and has contributed to the military's financial operations in "a wide array of international human rights and humanitarian law violations. Die De-facto-Regierungschefin von Myanmar ist von der Armee festgenommen worden. [40] However, the military budget remains opaque and subject to limited civilian scrutiny, and a 2011 Special Funds Law has enabled the Burmese military to circumvent parliamentary oversight to access supplemental funding. Azeem Ibrahim: The Rohingyas: Inside Myanmar's Hidden Genocide. Based upon Colonel Kyi Win's report, the Tatmadaw began developing an appropriate military doctrine and strategy to meet the requirements of counterinsurgency warfare. Current military leadership has successfully dealt with 17 major insurgent groups, whose 'return to legal fold' in the past decade has remarkably decreased the internal threats to state security, at least for the short and medium terms, even though threat perception of the possibility of external linkage to internal problems, perceived as being motivated by the continuing human rights violations, religious suppression and ethnic cleansing, remains high. A number of new subordinate command headquarters were formed in response to the growth and reorganisation of the Army. Republik Persatuan Myanmar (juga dikenal sebagai Birma, disebut "Burma" di dunia Barat) adalah sebuah negara berdaulat di Asia Tenggara.Myanmar berbatasan dengan India dan Bangladesh di sebelah barat, Thailand dan Laos di sebelah timur dan Tiongkok di sebelah utara dan timur laut.