[87][88][89], In 2010, it was reported that more than 1,000 honour killing occur every year in Pakistan and India. Farzana Bari (1998), Voices of Resistance: The Status of Shelters for Women in Pakistan, Islamabad, p.26. Im ländlichen Pakistan wird das Gesetz vor allem von Männern gemacht. Eighty three percent (83%) of the respondents think that "To live a happy life women need children"; while only 17% think they do not. Due to lack of evidence, she was convicted for adultery under the Zina ordinance, while the rapists were acquitted. Nur … Coming into power it appointed a female member of parliament and party loyalist Dr. Fehmida Mirza as the first female speaker[56] in South Asia. Eine solche Frau ist auch Malala Yousafzai, die sich für das Recht auf Bildung für Mädchen in Pakistan und überall auf der Welt einsetzt. In 2019, it was organised in Lahore and Karachi by a women's collective called Hum Auratein (We the Women), and in other parts of the country, including Islamabad, Hyderabad, Quetta, Mardan, and Faislabad, by Women democratic front (WDF), Women Action Forum (WAF), and others. Studying engineering before becoming a cricketer by profession. Ismat Chughtai, who was part of the Progressive Writers Association, is regarded as an important feminist writer of Urdu. Die Verfassung garantiert ihnen Gleichheit vor dem Gesetz und die Unantastbarkeit ihrer Menschenwürde. There are issues around the dowry system such as dowry related violence, in which the wife is abused by her husband. [106] As per Dr Areeba Farrukh, a Pediatric Resident at National Institute of Child Health (NICH), Karachi, cousin marriages are also an important reason for diseases like thalassemia and faulty haemoglobin build-up, which can eventually lead to iron deficiency and anemia. In Pakistan sind es oft zwei Finger, die darüber entscheiden, ob ein Gericht einer Frau, die vergewaltigt wurde, Glauben schenkt. Wie Wilson Chowdhry, ein in London geborener Menschenrechtsaktivist und Vorsitzender der Britisch-Pakistanischen Christlichen Vereinigung (BPCA), der die Nachricht bekannt gemacht hat, berichtet, habe einer der Männer gesagt: \"Christliche Mädchen sind nur für eine Sache bestimmt, das [sexuelle] Vergnügen muslimischer Männer.\" Traditional lives of south Asian women in general & Muslim women in Pakistan in Particular were restricted to Chulha Cawka Char Diwari i.e. Ihre Eltern leben ihnen das traditionelle Leben vor und in die Schule gehen sie nicht. Kitchen stove with four walls; with additional burden of chastity, modesty and family honour being governed by misogyny & patriarchy, where in various levels of social seclusion from mandating pallu to dupatta, Purdah to Burqua were imposed on women and free dignified access to public places usually denied to women. However, despite that setback, during 1950–60, several pro-women initiatives were taken. [139] Conservative interpretations of Islam have not promoted women's rights in the workforce, since they value women as keepers of the family honour, support gender segregation, and institutionalization of gender disparities.[140]. Zafran Bibi stepped forward as a rape victim in Pakistan. Dadurch wird es weniger wahrscheinlich, dass der Gesetzgeber die Interessen der Frauen vertritt, und schwieriger für die wenigen Frauen, die ein Amt anstreben, eine Wahl zu gewinnen. [163] According to Foqia Sadiq Khan while Pakistan is in one of seventy countries where at least one woman President or Prime Minister had been there; lately Pakistan also provides for certain electoral reservations for women at local and parliamentary level like five percent of candidates need to be women, but still Pakistan lags behind in gender equality, and satisfactory political inclusion. Unterdrückung durch die Männer, Ehrenmorde - so sieht der Westen die Lage der Frauen in Pakistan. Law enforcement authorities routinely dismiss domestic violence as private disputes. In December 2006, Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz approved the proposal by Ministry of Women Development, to extend this quota to 10%. Dass Frauen, die sich dem Willen von Männern widersetzen, mit Säure überschüttet werden, kommt in islamischen Ländern immer wieder vor. Her husband was in jail when the incident occurred. However, later they were granted permission, and the Pakistani women's cricket team played its first recorded match on 28 January 1997 against New Zealand in Christchurch. Und das nur weil sie weiblich sind. The income of Pakistani women in the labour force is generally lower than that of men, due in part to a lack of formal education. filmmaker by Sabiha Sumar to highlight the oppression and sufferings of women under the Hudood Ordinances. The ordinance had earlier been kept in force by invoking the president's power to re-issue it every four months. An Anthropological Perspective from Pakistan", ":::Council Of Islamic Ideology|||Home:::", "Pakistan - Pakistan Penal Code (XLV of 1860)", "CII okays draft bill to stop 'marriage with Quran, "Health experts raise awareness about genetic diseases among children", "Linkage analysis of hearing impairment in families of Bannu District", "Current trends of consanguineous marriages and its association with socio-demographic variables in Pakistan", "Disabilities, paralysis in small Pakistani town's minors caused by cousin marriages: experts", "Consanguineous marriages and genetic ailments in Pakistan -", "Novel Neurological Syndrome Common in Countries Where Consanguineous Marriage is Prevalent", "Women's Autonomy in the Context of Rural Pakistan", "Clothing in Pakistan and other Local Custom Reviews", "Women's Muslim Dress - Women Traveler's Dress in Islamic Countries", "A Study of the Representation of Female Image in the Textbooks of English and Urdu at Secondary School Level", "Education in Pakistan for Women, Women Education in Pakistan | Student Media, News & New Research articles around the world", "Improving female literacy through ICTs in Pakistan « ICTs, Education & Entrepreneurship", "Rural girls in Pakistan: Constraints of policy and culture", https://nation.com.pk/21-Feb-2015/women-education-in-pakistan, "Right to Education for Girls in Pakistan: Malala's Struggle Must Continue", "70pc of new schools in KP will be for girls - Pakistan", "KP readies to start more girls' schools", "Rural women in household production: Increasing contributions and persisting drudgery", "Women in Pakistan's Urban Informal Economy", "Labor force, female (% of total labor force)", "Gender Disparities, Economic Growth and Islamization in Pakistan", "Behind the veil: Women-only entrepreneurship training in pakistan", "Hundreds of Christian, Muslim Pakistani girls 'sold as brides to China, "The Pakistani brides being trafficked to China", "An investigation found Pakistani Christian women being trafficked to China as brides. [10] Women have a low percentage of participation in society outside of the family. Historically, Muslim reformers such as Syed Ahmad Khan tried to bring education to women, limit polygamy, and empower women in other ways through education. In 1996, when sisters Shaiza and Sharmeen Khan first tried to introduce women's cricket in Pakistan, they were met with court cases and even death threats. [71] Now, many women in Pakistan don't practise Purdah, which is opposed by many religious scholars. Mehr als 1000 Frauen und Mädchen im Jahr werden in Pakistan … An artificial divide between production and reproduction, made by the ideology of sexual division of labour, has placed women in reproductive roles as mothers and wives in the private arena of home and men in a productive role as breadwinners in the public arena. In Pakistan locken chinesische Männer pakistanische Frauen in eine Scheinehe und zwingen sie in China zur Prostitution. [45], The Cabinet has approved reservation of 10% quota for women in Central Superior Services in its meeting held on 12 July 2006. [67] The literacy rate is still lower for women compared to men: the literacy rate is 45.8% for females, while for males it is 69.5% (aged 15 or older, data from 2015). [41], In late 2006, the Pakistani parliament passed the Women's Protection Bill, repealing some of the Hudood Ordinances. [36] Pakistan neither signed nor ratified the Optional Protocol of the Women's Convention, which has led to non-availability of avenues for filing grievances by individuals or groups against Pakistan under CEDAW.[22]. [63] According to the new anti-rape bill, DNA testing was made mandatory in rape cases. More than 50% of men including those from rural areas agree that both husband and wife should work for a better living. Although the act was passed, there were no significant effects in which investigations were done on rape victims. [5] In Pakistan, women have held high offices including that of the Prime Minister, Speaker of the National Assembly, Leader of the Opposition, as well as federal ministers, judges,[6] and serving commissioned posts in the armed forces. Naela Chohan is a Pakistani diplomat and feminist artist. Jinnah points out that Muslim women leaders from all classes actively supported the Pakistan movement in the mid-1940s. Justice Nasira Iqbal, daughter in law of Allama Iqbal and one of the first female High Court judges and a prominent and vocal human rights activist. In der pakistanischen Verfassung von 1973 steht, dass zwischen Männern und Frauen in Pakistan keine Unterschiede gemacht werden dürfen. At over 2000 dowry-related deaths per year, and annual rates exceeding 2.45 deaths per 100,000 women from dowry-related violence, Pakistan has the highest reported number of dowry death rates per 100,000 women in the world. Frauen sind im Klassenkampf aktiv, nicht nur die im Gesundheitswesen beschäftigten, die zuletzt über mehrere Jahre mutig gekämpft und einige Forderungen durchgesetzt haben. Update: In einem lange herbeigesehnten Sieg für die Rechte von Frauen hat Pakistan ein Gesetz verabschiedet, das besagt, dass den Verurteilten von "Ehrenmorden" eine Zwangsstrafe von 25 Jahren Haft droht. Alte Sitten und Traditionen sind in Pakistan noch sehr wichtig. Anis Haroon, Chairperson of the National Commission on the Status of Women (NCSW). Hajra has chosen a very tough path for herself. Major General Shahida Malik, attaining the highest military post for a woman. WAF staged public protests and campaigns against the Hudood Ordinances, the Law of Evidence, and the Qisas and Diyat laws (temporarily shelved as a result). [98], Married to Quran, traditionally called 'Haq Bakshish' is a continued evil practice that can be simply translated as literally giving up one's right to marry. remains considerably lower compared to men's. [42] The passing of the Bill and the consequent signing of it into law by President General Pervez Musharraf invoked protests from hard-line Islamist leaders and organisations. [50][51], Asif Ali Zardari was the 11th President of Pakistan. Begum Nusrat Bhutto wife of Prime Minister Zulfikhar Ali Bhutto, led the Pakistani delegation to the United Nations' first women's conference in 1975. Their movement was led by wives and other relatives of leading politicians. MWD provided a credit line of Rs 48 million to FWBL to finance small-scale credit schemes for disadvantaged women. [67][68] It is practised in various ways, depending on family tradition, region, class, and rural or urban residence. The percentage of people agreeing with this statement was higher among rurallites (67%) as compared to the urbanites (53%). Fehmida Mirza is the first female speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan. [73] Swara, Pait likkhi and Addo Baddo are similar tribal and rural customs that often promote marriage of girls in their early teenage years. Historically, Muslim reformers such as Syed Ahmad Khan tried to bring education to women, limit polygamy, and empower women in other ways through education. The Social Action Programme launched in 1992/93 aimed at reducing gender disparities by improving women's access to social services. Before 1947 there was a tendency for the Muslim women in Punjab to vote for the Muslim League while their menfolk supported the Unionist Party.[16]. Associated Press, "Pakistan Moves Closer to Islamic Rule," 9 October 1998. [13] The Global Gender Gap Index report of 2020 ranked Pakistan 151 out of the total 153 countries. Frauen dürfen nichts besitzen, sie können auch nichts erben, um dann vielleicht selbstständig leben zu können, wenn sie schon nicht arbeiten. In Pakistan - und in vielen anderen Ländern - herrscht die Meinung vor, der Ehemann habe sich um das Auskommen der Familien zu kümmern. History taught in Pakistani school text books is mostly male oriented, in Urdu school books women religious role too is less depicted, women get depicted in inferior position compared to men. [83] Pakistan's rape law allows marital, does not define statutory rape and in some cases women are not allowed to testify. Patriarchal structures are relatively stronger in the rural and tribal setting where local customs establish male authority and power over women's lives. [94] Hundreds of women are victims of these attacks and some die from their injuries. Ungewöhnlicher Anblick in Pakistan: Frauen in der Schreinerei in Karimabad bei der Arbeit. She was awarded the Tazir punishment of one hundred lashes and three years of rigorous imprisonment. However MWD faced a lack of resources initially. [61] The government further established special task force in the interior Sindh region to for action against the practice of Karo-Kari establishing helplines and offices in the districts of Sukkur, Jacobabad, Larkana and Khairpur. [132], Women in elite urban districts of Pakistan enjoy a far more privileged lifestyle than those living in rural tribal areas. Women (as well as men) carried posters bearing phrases such as 'Ghar ka Kaam, Sab ka Kaam', and 'Women are humans, not honour' became a rallying cry. The young girls are forcibly married off in order to resolve the feuds between different clans;[72] the Vani can be avoided if the clan of the girl agrees to pay money, called Deet, to other clans. [48] In December 2006, for the first time, women cadets from the Military Academy Kakul assumed guard duty at the mausoleum of Muhammad Ali Jinnah. "Women in Politics: Participation and Representation in Pakistan". A loose dupatta scarf is also worn around the shoulders, upper chest and head. Although it is alien to Islam and has no religious basis, the practice is often used by men to keep and grab the land of their sisters and daughters. In one extreme case in 2012, a local Jirga in Aari village, Swat ordered that Roza Bibi, a girl of six, must be married off to settle a dispute between her family and the rival family. Bapsi Sidhwa is one of Pakistan's most prominent English fiction writers. The chapter was prepared by a working group of 28 professional women headed by Syeda Abida Hussain, chairperson of the Jhang District council at that time. [78][79], According to Geo news over 22 thousand cases of sexual abuse were reported in Pakistan since 2015; at least 11 rapes reported every day, only 18 % reaching the prosecution stage. The other major initiative is the Prime Minister's program of lady health workers (LHWs). Mitte Dezember 2014 verübten die pakistanischen Taliban ein Attentat auf eine von der Armee betriebene Schule in Peshawar, bei dem 149 Menschen getötet wurden, darunter 132 Kinder. [125] Girls living in rural areas are encouraged not to go to school because they are needed in the home to do work at a young age. The threat of being prosecuted discourages victims from filing complaints. Dies alles sind Dinge, die eine pakistanische Frau in ihrer Heimat in einer Ehe nicht bekommt. The pressure of the Human Rights group ultimately led the court to overturn her sentence. About 10% of the seats in the National Assembly and 5% in the provincial assemblies were reserved for women, with no restriction on contesting general seats as well. [32] According to a 1998 report by Amnesty International, more than one-third of all Pakistani women in prison were being held due to having been accused or found guilty of zina. [38], A 1997 ruling by the Lahore High Court, in the highly publicised Saima Waheed case, upheld a woman's right to marry freely but called for amendments to the 1965 Family Laws, on the basis of Islamic norms, to enforce parental authority to discourage "love marriages".[29]. The founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, was known to have a positive attitude towards women. Women are not respected enough to consider how their whole lives, and any dreams or hopes they might have had... are ruined by a 'tradition' that is cruel and beyond any balanced description. So ist diese Zwangsverheiratung nicht nur dem Glauben geschuldet, sondern vielleicht eher der kulturellen Tradition des Landes. The investigation was abruptly stopped purportedly due to pressure from higher levels. In July 2006, General Pervez Musharraf asked his Government to begin work on amendments to the controversial 1979 Hudood Ordinance introduced under Zia-ul-Haq's régime. The Zina Ordinance included zina-bil-jabr, the category of forced intercourse. In September 2020, a report was sent to Prime Minister Imran Khan, providing details of cases registered against 52 Chinese nationals and 20 Pakistanis. Traditionally, male members of the family are given better education and are equipped with skills to compete for resources in the public arena, while female members are imparted domestic skills to be good mothers and wives. Viele Mädchen werden schon sehr jung verheiratet. The words of rape victims are not taken with serious matter and fail to prove that the victim is telling the truth. In February 2012, the Muttahida Qaumi Movement held the world's largest women's political rally in Karachi, with an estimated 100,000 women in attendance. In 2002 it was recorded that 81.5 percent of 15- to 19-year-old girls from high-income families had attended school while 22.3 percent of girls from low-income families had ever attended school.[125]. Women, which are 51% on the country's population, have been forced to just bear children for their husband and remain within their houses. Police in Pakistan often refuse to record the complaint of women when an officer may have been involved. Women's rights groups helped in the production of a film titled "Who will cast the first stone?" In most rural villages, secondary schooling simply does not exist for girls, leaving them no choice but to prepare for marriage and do household tasks. Sie sind eher noch mehr eingeschlossen als damals, … Out of the 47 million employed peoples in Pakistan in 2008, only 9 million were women and of those 9 million, 70 percent worked in the agricultural sector. [149], This situation has led to the social and economic dependency of women that becomes the basis for male power over women in all social relationships. [94], Under the Qisas (eye-for-an-eye) law of Pakistan, the perpetrator could suffer the same fate as the victim, if the victim or the victim's guardian chooses. Pakistan has taken certain initiatives in the health sector to redress gender imbalances. Vani is a child marriage custom followed in tribal areas and the Punjab province. After the independence of Pakistan, women's groups and feminist organisations started by prominent leaders like Fatima Jinnah started to form that worked to eliminate socio-economic injustices against women in the country. Frauen in Pakistan Auch wenn die pakistanische Verfassung seit 1973 die Gleichberechtigung von Mann und Frau festschreibt, sieht die Realität in dem überwiegend muslimischen Land ganz anders aus. Doch mit der Gründung von Frauenversammlungen, den weiblichen Jirgas, setzt sich eine Frauengruppe dagegen erfolgreich zur Wehr. When the respondents were asked whether "Men are better politicians as compared to women or not"; 67% agree men are better politicians while 33% think otherwise. In order to improve this situation, governmental organizations and political parties need to push for the entrance of women into the organized services sector. Under this community-based program, 26,584 LHWs in rural areas and 11,967 LHWs in urban areas have been recruited to provide basic health care including family planning to women at the grassroots level. She also announced plans to set up women's police stations, courts and women's development banks. Aurat March is International Women's Day women's procession walk organized in various cities of Pakistan including Lahore, Hyderabad, Karachi and Islamabad. Die gezielte Abtreibung weiblicher Föten, das Töten und Aussetzen vornehmlich weiblicher Kinder, Zwangsverheiratung, Kinderhochzeiten, Misshandlungen, Säureattacken, Ehrenmorde, Vergewaltigungen erinnern an den Genderzid in Indien, von dem wir schon des Öfteren berichteten, doch sie finden auch in Pakistan statt. [173] Reports suggest that more and more women rushed to join the march until the crowd was became scattered. Women were sometimes organised into large-scale public demonstrations. [164] Prominent actress Sarah Khan states that Allah provides for equal gender rank for women and that instead of women's day's Aurat March activism, women need to focus on their children's education.[165]. Although the Child Marriages Restraint Act makes it illegal for girls under the age of 16 to be married, instances of child marriages are commonly found in rural areas. [66] The media will also be restricted from publishing or publicising the names or any information that would reveal the identity of a victim, except when publishing court judgements. [11] After the independence of Pakistan, women's groups and feminist organisations started by prominent leaders like Fatima Jinnah started to form that worked to eliminate socio-economic injustices against women in the country.