[387][388], Whatever the exact number, the death toll was far exaggerated by both sides, for propaganda reasons, giving birth to the legend of the millón de muertos. Der spanische Bürgerkrieg (1936-1939) zählt sicherlich zu den bedeutendsten Ereignissen der Geschichte Spaniens im 20. Spanischer Bürgerkrieg (1936 - 1939) Inhalt 1. Nacht über Spanien: Bürgerkrieg und Revolution in Spanien 1936-1939: Souchy, Augustin, Haug, Wolfgang: Amazon.nl Selecteer uw cookievoorkeuren We gebruiken cookies en vergelijkbare tools om uw winkelervaring te verbeteren, onze services aan te bieden, te begrijpen hoe klanten onze services gebruiken zodat we verbeteringen kunnen aanbrengen, en om advertenties weer te geven. The work's size (11 ft by 25.6 ft) grabbed much attention and cast the horrors of the mounting Spanish civil unrest into a global spotlight. Es ist auf Flickr in voller Auflösung verfügbar. Juli 1936, begann der Spanische Bürgerkrieg. delta between the total number of deaths recorded in 1936–1942 and the total which would have resulted from extrapolating average annual death total from the 1926–1935 period, Ortega, José Antonio, Silvestre, Javier (2006). Washington: United States Government Printing Office, p.37. Organised purges occurred in territory captured by Franco's forces so they could consolidate their future regime. The gesture of the raised fist, so widespread among left-wing workers' groups, gave rise to more regimented variations, such as the salute with the fist on one's temple, characteristic of the German, the war lasted 986 days; dollars are quoted at their nominal value of the late 1930s. One historical estimate suggests that there were some 87,000 troops loyal to the government and some 77,000 joining the insurgency,[129] though some historians suggest that the Nationalist figure should be revised upwards and that it probably amounted to some 95,000. [99] Luis Cuenca, a member of the arresting group and a Socialist who was known as the bodyguard of PSOE leader Indalecio Prieto, summarily executed Calvo Sotelo by shooting him in the back of the neck. This led to formation of the International Brigades, thousands of foreigners of all nationalities who voluntarily went to Spain to aid the Republic in the fight; they meant a great deal to morale but militarily were not very significant. [372] Landowners who owned the large estates of Southern Spain rode alongside the Army of Africa to reclaim via force of arms the land given to the landless peasants by the Republican government. infographic Most were repatriated to Spain after the war, but some 250 were still in Britain by the end of the Second World War in 1945. "provocó un número de caidós en combate sin precedentes, casi tantos como los muertos y desaparecidos en la retaguardia". A contributory factor in the successful Republican defense was the effectiveness of the Fifth Regiment[260] and later the arrival of the International Brigades, though only an approximate 3,000 foreign volunteers participated in the battle. [28], Spain was neutral in World War I. [411], In the anarchist-controlled areas, Aragon and Catalonia, in addition to the temporary military success, there was a vast social revolution in which the workers and peasants collectivised land and industry and set up councils parallel to the paralyzed Republican government. There was little support for the monarchy in the major cities. On March 5, 1939, Colonel Segismundo Casado led a military coup against the Republican government. The Spanish republic and civil war. [290] Casado defeated them, and began peace negotiations with the Nationalists, but Franco refused to accept anything less than unconditional surrender. Der spanische Bürgerkrieg (1936-1939) ... Spaniens Eliten fürchteten dadurch eine Gefährdung ihrer Privilegien. A film co-produced by famous early-twentieth century authors such as Ernest Hemingway and Lillian Hellman was used as a way to advertise Spain's need for military and monetary aid. They never suffered from serious partisan activity behind their lines and the fact that banditry did not develop into a serious problem in Spain, despite how easy it would have been in such mountainous terrain, demands explanation. [80] Both sides had become convinced that, if the other side gained power, it would discriminate against their members and attempt to suppress their political organisations. "Terror and Violence: The Dark Face of Spanish Anarchism." [401] Shopkeepers and industrialists were shot if they did not sympathise with the Republicans, and were usually spared if they did. The Spanish Civil War, Payne argues, was thus a far more clear-cut revolutionary and counter-revolutionary struggle between the left and right wings, while the Second World War initially had fascists and communist powers on the same side with the combined Nazi-Soviet invasion of Poland. [233] France, through the favor of pro-communist air minister Pierre Cot also sent a group of trained fighter pilots and engineers to help the Republicans. [409], The Republicans also conducted their own bombing attacks on cities, such as the bombing of Cabra, and in fact conducted more indiscriminate air raids on cities and civilian targets than the Nationalists. [149], The Nationalist side included the Carlists and Alfonsists, Spanish nationalists, the fascist Falange, and most conservatives and monarchist liberals. The first one was during the Northern Campaign (March–November 1937), followed by a second wave after the fall of Catalonia (January–February 1939), in which about 400,000 people fled to France. Franco used Italian troops and blitzkrieg tactics; while many strategists blamed Franco for the rightists' defeat, the Germans believed it was the former at fault for the Nationalists' 5,000 casualties and loss of valuable equipment. [281] Eight days before the new year, Franco threw massive forces into an invasion of Catalonia. [87][88] Of particular importance to Mola was ensuring the revolt was at its core an Army affair, one that would not be subject to special interests and that the coup would make the armed forces the basis for the new state. Only two countries openly and fully supported the Republic: Mexico and the USSR. More than a year ago. Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 141. Intellectuals strongly favoured the Republicans. They opened weapons caches, some buried since the 1934 risings, and formed militias. 600,000 killed during the war + 100,000 executed afterwards, Tucker, Spencer C. (2016). The Spanish Civil War: a very short introduction. ¿Dónde hubo más? "esta cruenta lucha le costó a España 1 200 000 muertos entre combatientes y civiles", Pazos Beceiro, Carlos (2004). 1936 beginnt in Spanien der Bürgerkrieg. Castillo had led the Assault Guards that violently suppressed the riots after the funeral of Guardia Civil lieutenant Anastasio de los Reyes. [205] About 145 men[206] from Ireland formed the Connolly Column, which was immortalized by Irish folk musician Christy Moore in the song "Viva la Quinta Brigada". By mid-1937, the Catholic Church gave its official blessing to the Franco regime; religious fervor was a major source of emotional support for the Nationalists during the civil war. [84] This, however, allowed Mola to direct the mainland uprising. "[420]:383 p. On the later, Dali commented "These Iberian beings mutually devouring each other correspond to the pathos of civil war considered as a pure phenomenon of natural history as opposed to Picasso who considered it a political phenomenon. [429] [111] The paramilitary security forces often waited for the outcome of militia action before either joining or suppressing the rebellion. [44] In December, a new reformist, liberal, and democratic constitution was declared. Of the former, the art historian Robert Hughes stated, "Salvador Dali appropriated the horizontal thigh of Goya's crouching Saturn for the hybrid monster in the painting Soft Construction with Boiled Beans, Premonition of Civil War, which rather than Picasso's Guernica - is the finest single work of visual art inspired by the Spanish Civil War. [note 5] The overall Nationalist expenditures are calculated at $2.04bn, while the Republican ones reached ca. [366] However, during the war, executions declined as the Francoist state began to establish itself. [134] Just prior to the Battle of Ebro, Republicans achieved their all-time high, slightly above 800,000; yet Nationalists numbered 880,000. Daraufhin boykottierten diese den Versuch einen neuartigen, republikanischen Staat aufzubauen. The 1931 Constitution would be suspended, replaced by a new "constituent parliament" which would be chosen by a new politically purged electorate, who would vote on the issue of republic versus monarchy. They had little impact on the government, and could not shake the strong public mood for peace. De reiswijzer geeft aan wat je van een vakantie in die landen mag verwachten. They claimed to represent 53 nations. Leading works of sculpture include Alberto Sánchez Pérez's El pueblo español tiene un camino que conduce a una estrella ("The Spanish People Have a Path that Leads to a Star"), a 12.5 m monolith constructed out of plaster representing the struggle for a socialist utopia;[418] Julio González's La Montserrat, an anti-war work which shares its title with a mountain near Barcelona, is created from a sheet of iron which has been hammered and welded to create a peasant mother carrying a small child in one arm and a sickle in the other. [282] The retreat from the Ebro all but determined the final outcome of the war. Comín Colomer, Eduardo (1973); El 5º Regimiento de Milicias Populares. highest considered estimate, Tusell, Javier (1998). Juli: [221], Another significant Soviet involvement was the activity of the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) inside the Republican rearguard. [156], The Moroccan Fuerzas Regulares Indígenas joined the rebellion and played a significant role in the civil war. Two distinct factors led to the uprisings: a series of urban riots and a liberal movement within the middle classes and the military (led by General Joan Prim) concerned with the ultra-conservatism of the monarchy. [375] In his 1961 book, Spanish archbishop Antonio Montero Moreno, who at the time was director of the journal Ecclesia, wrote that 6,832 were killed during the war, including 4,184 priests, 2,365 monks and friars, and 283 nuns (many were first raped before they died),[390][391] in addition to 13 bishops, a figure accepted by historians, including Beevor. [108], Control over Spanish Morocco was all but certain. In the Nationalist zone money creation was responsible for some 69% of domestic resources, while in the Republican one the corresponding figure stood at 60%;[306] it was accomplished mostly by means of advances, credits, loans and debit balances from respective central banks. Brocca argued that Spanish pacifists had no alternative but to make a stand against fascism. [158] Thus, while often thought of as a "rebellion of the generals", this is not correct. Yet as of early July the centrist and rightist opposition in Spain remained divided and impotent. "Social crimes" – refusing to pay for goods and rent – became increasingly common by workers, particularly in Madrid. [115] This facilitated the defeat of the army insurrection in the main industrial centres, including Madrid, Barcelona, and Valencia, but it allowed anarchists to take control of Barcelona along with large swathes of Aragón and Catalonia. [200][234] Also, until 8 September 1936, aircraft could freely pass from France into Spain if they were bought in other countries.[235]. [84] However, government actions were not as thorough as they might have been, and warnings by the Director of Security and other figures were not acted upon. [432][433], After the War, Spanish policy leaned heavily towards Germany, Portugal and Italy, since they had been the greatest Nationalist supporters and aligned with Spain ideologically. The Second Battle of the Corunna Road, a Nationalist offensive to the northwest, pushed Republican forces back, but failed to isolate Madrid. [25][26] Alejandro Lerroux, Spanish politician and leader of the Radical Republican Party, helped bring republicanism to the fore in Catalonia, where poverty was particularly acute. The Spanish republic and civil war. Retrouvez Der Spanische Bürgerkrieg. The policy of evacuating children to foreign countries was initially opposed to by elements in the government as well as private charities, who saw the policy as unnecessary and harmful to the well-being of the evacuated children. This film, The Spanish Earth, premiered in America in July 1937. However, rebelling units in some important cities—such as Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Bilbao, and Málaga—did not gain control, and those cities remained under the control of the government. [193] The Labour Party was split, with its Catholic element favouring the Nationalists. Ortega, Silvestre (2006), p. 80; the number of migrants usually quoted is 450,000, which refers only to these who crossed to France in the first months of 1939, López, Fernando Martínez (2010). Certain liberal elements would remain, such as separation of church and state as well as freedom of religion. [178] In total, Germany provided the Nationalists with 600 planes and 200 tanks. Auteur: Maschek, Dominik, Prijs: € 42,80, ISBN/ISBN13: 9783805349130, Categorie: Boek, Für die späte Römische Republik ist die Zeit zwischen 133-27 v. Chr. Ein Augenzeugenberi, bücher lesen gratis Kampfplatz Spanien. Vor 80 Jahren, am 17. Situation vor dem Krieg 2. In addition, the Falangists and Carlists were themselves often not particularly powerful fighters either. 36–37, Payne, Stanley G. The Franco Regime, 1936–1975. Coatsworth, John, Cole, Juan, Hanagan, Michael P., Perdue, Peter C., Tilly, Charles, Tilly, Louise (2015). Lieferung ; Rechtliche Hinweise ; Allgemeine Verkaufsbedingungen ; Über uns ; Unsere Filialen ; Neue Artikel . [273], A Republican offensive against Zaragoza was also a failure. Direct link. They fought mostly in the pro-Republican International Brigades, which also included several thousand exiles from pro-Nationalist regimes. [note 7] For the Nationalists it was mostly the Italian and German credit;[note 8] in case of the Republicans it was sales of gold reserves, mostly to the USSR and in much smaller amount to France. Cambridge University Press, 2014. Despite CEDA's electoral victory, president Alcalá-Zamora declined to invite its leader, Gil Robles, to form a government fearing CEDA's monarchist sympathies and proposed changes to the constitution. [412], As the war progressed, the government and the communists were able to exploit their access to Soviet arms to restore government control over the war effort, through diplomacy and force. Bürgerkrieg in Spanien Welche Beziehung hatte Hitler zu Franco? [373], Nationalists also murdered Catholic clerics. The Battle of Brunete, however, was a significant defeat for the Republic, which lost many of its most accomplished troops. [306] However, while in the Nationalist zone the rising stock of money was only marginally above the production growth rate, in the Republican zone it by far exceeded dwindling production figures. However, the end of the Civil War and later the Second World War saw the isolation of the country from most other nations until the 1950s, in which the American anti-Communist international policy favoured having a far-right and extremely anti-communist ally in Europe.[434]. Francisco Franco 2. The 'red Terror' and the Spanish Civil War. [31] Support for the Rivera regime gradually faded, and he resigned in January 1930. Auslöser 3. Achetez neuf ou d'occasion [81], Shortly after the Popular Front's election victory, various groups of officers, both active and retired, got together to begin discussing the prospect of a coup. Das 8. französische Drachenregiment, 1806-1812. Even after covert support by France to the Republicans ended in December 1936, the possibility of French intervention against the Nationalists remained a serious possibility throughout the war. [410], Thirty-eight thousand people were killed in the Republican zone during the war, 17,000 of whom were killed in Madrid or Catalonia within a month of the coup. [416] Subsequently, Franco united all fighting groups into the Traditionalist Spanish Falange and the National Syndicalist Offensive Juntas (Spanish: Falange Española Tradicionalista de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista, FET y de las JONS). [424], The Army of Africa would feature a place in propaganda on both sides, due to the complex history of the Army and Spanish colonialism in North Africa. The French authorities had to improvise concentration camps, with such hard conditions that almost half of the exiled Spaniards returned. [398], Like clergy, civilians were executed in Republican territories. Augusto Pinochet . Frage: Wer kam nach dem Spanischen Bürgerkrieg an die Macht? A similar dramatic success for the Nationalists occurred on 17 October, when troops coming from Galicia relieved the besieged town of Oviedo, in Northern Spain. "[425] This work, also featured at the 1937 International Exhibition in Paris, was shipped back to the Spanish Republic's capital in Valencia following the Exhibition, but has since gone missing or has been destroyed. [86] Mola's plan for the new regime was envisioned as a "republican dictatorship", modelled after Salazar's Portugal and as a semi-pluralist authoritarian regime rather than a totalitarian fascist dictatorship. Casanova, Julián. The sailors, who were affiliated with the Portuguese Communist Party, confined their officers and attempted to sail the ships out of Lisbon to join the Spanish Republican forces fighting in Spain. [258] The Republican government was forced to shift from Madrid to Valencia, outside the combat zone, on 6 November. Following the war, wide swathes of Spanish society, including the armed forces, united in hopes of removing the corrupt central government, but were unsuccessful. Krieg (Zeitstrahl) 6. In June and July the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo, known as the CNT, called several strikes, which led to a violent incident between CNT members and the Civil Guard and a brutal crackdown by the Civil Guard and the army against the CNT in Seville. [100], Massive reprisals followed. [83], The revolt was remarkably devoid of any particular ideology. However, the 500,000 death toll does not include deaths by malnutrition, hunger or diseases brought about by the war. excluding "50,000 more fatalities in Franco's prison camps during the immediate postwar period", Smele, Jonathan D. (2015). [286] On 27 February, the United Kingdom and France recognized the Franco regime. [301] On 21 May 1937, around 4,000 Basque children were evacuated to the UK on the aging steamship SS Habana from the Spanish port of Santurtzi. Another factor was the recent enfranchisement of women, most of whom voted for centre-right parties. [408] Andrés Nin, leader of the POUM (Workers' Party of Marxist Unification), and many other prominent POUM members, were murdered by the Communists, with the help of the USSR's NKVD. General José Sanjurjo became the figurehead of the operation and helped reach an agreement with the Carlists. Included were sections of Latin American and Irish volunteers, organized as the Centuria Guttieras and the Connolly Column, respectively. Mola thus had concluded that the troops in Spain were insufficient for the task and that it would be necessary to use elite units from North Africa, something which Franco had always believed would be necessary. Millionen Tote, 21 Millionen Verletzte. Retrouvez Die spanische Kurzgeschichte seit dem Burgerkrieg: et des millions de livres en stock sur Amazon.fr. Bulletin of Spanish Studies 93, no. [161] In this respect, the war was an indicator of the growing instability across Europe. Germany, Italy and the Soviet Union signed on officially, but ignored the embargo. Conservatives, the middle classes, businessmen and landowners became convinced that revolution had already begun. [275] With the surrender of the Republican army in the Basque territory came the Santoña Agreement. Die Sowjetunion und Mexiko unterstützten die Republikaner. The socialist and liberal republicans won almost all the provincial capitals, and following the resignation of Aznar's government, King Alfonso XIII fled the country. Salazar ordered the ships to be destroyed by gunfire. The Republican government allowed for the possibility of self-government for the two regions,[144] whose forces were gathered under the People's Republican Army (Ejército Popular Republicano, or EPR), which was reorganised into mixed brigades after October 1936. [124], The Spanish Republican Army had just 18 tanks of a sufficiently modern design, and the Nationalists took control of 10. [354] The violence was carried out in the rebel zone by the military, the Civil Guard and the Falange in the name of the regime. Farbbilder im A4-Format auf Ihren Computer herunterladen. [20] Until the 1850s, the economy of Spain was primarily based on agriculture. Payment for the war on both sides was very high. Kein Volk, so fuhr er vor dem Parlament fort, habe „verhältnismäßig so viel Tote verloren [sic! (13 July) Opposition leader Jose Calvo Sotelo is arrested and murdered by the socialist Assault Guards (Guardia de Asalto), freemason police officer Burillo also blamed. Julio Álvarez del Vayo talked about "Spain' being converted into a socialist Republic in association with the Soviet Union". [37][38] The rural workers lived in some of the worst poverty in Europe at the time and the government tried to increase their wages and improve working conditions. [210] Stalin also created Section X of the Soviet Union military to head the weapons shipment operation, called Operation X. ; Jackson, Gabriel (1965). The operation's main objective was not met, though Nationalists gained a modest amount of territory. Some civilians were executed as suspected Falangists. sfn error: no target: CITEREFWieland2002 (. [175], German involvement was further manifested through undertakings such as Operation Ursula, a U-boat undertaking; and contributions from the Kriegsmarine. Both sides would invent different characters of the Moorish troops, drawing on a wide range of historical symbols, cultural prejudices and racial stereotypes. His only defect is probably his modesty. [392][393][394] Some of the killings were carried out with extreme cruelty, some were burned to death, there are reports of castration and disembowelment. [99] Hugh Thomas concludes that Condés intended to arrest Sotelo, and that Cuenca acted on his own initiative, although he acknowledges other sources dispute this finding. [298], Of the 17,000 refugees housed in Gurs, farmers and others who could not find relations in France were encouraged by the Third Republic, in agreement with the Francoist government, to return to Spain. [130], During the first few months, both armies were joined in high numbers by volunteers, Nationalists by some 100,000 men and Republicans by some 120,000. A smaller percentage of domestic resources came from expropriations, donations or internal borrowing. The peninsulares resented seeing the africanistas rapidly leapfrog through the ranks, while the africanistas themselves were seen as swaggering and arrogant, further fuelling resentment. So, reading this book entitled Free Download Spaniens Geschichte seit dem Bürgerkrieg By Walther L. Bernecker does not need mush time. [358] In February 1937, over 7,000 were killed after the capture of Málaga. Release Calendar DVD & Blu-ray Releases Top Rated Movies Most Popular Movies Browse Movies by Genre Top Box Office Showtimes & Tickets Showtimes & Tickets In Theaters Coming Soon Coming Soon Movie News India Movie Spotlight. Ferner hatte dieser spanische Konflikt eine internationale Dimension. Reflections on the Francoist repression after the Spanish Civil War." Casanova, Julián. The Spanish Nationalists, in contrast, imposed a puritanically terrorist order on the populace in their territory. Republicans loyal to the left-leaning Popular Front government of the Second Spanish Republic, in alliance with anarchists, of the communist and syndicalist variety, fought against a revolt by the Nationalists, an alliance of Falangists, monarchists, conservatives and traditionalists, led by a military group among whom General Francisco Franco soon achieved a preponderant role. In Madrid, the rebels were hemmed into the Cuartel de la Montaña siege, which fell with considerable bloodshed. Some chose to settle down in Britain, while the remaining children were eventually evacuated back to Spain.[305]. 1949. [102][103] The arbitrary use of lethal force by the state and a lack of action against the attackers led to public disapproval of the government. Prominent Spanish pacifists, such as Amparo Poch y Gascón and José Brocca, supported the Republicans. [177], A total of approximately 16,000 German citizens fought in the war, with approximately 300 killed,[178] though no more than 10,000 participated at any one time. Sie nahm von vorneherein auch ein Massensterben sowjetischer Kriegsgefangener billigend in Kauf. A decree in July 1931 increased overtime pay and several laws in late 1931 restricted whom landowners could hire. Payne states that, by July 1936: "The frequent overt violations of the law, assaults on property, and political violence in Spain were without precedent for a modern European country not undergoing total revolution. The Republican government attempted to sue for peace in May,[279] but Franco demanded unconditional surrender, and the war raged on. The number of civilian victims is still being discussed, with some estimating approximately 500,000 victims, while others go as high as 1,000,000. [199], On July 26, just eight days after the revolt had started, an international communist conference was held at Prague to arrange plans to help the Republican Government. The war provided combat experience with the latest technology for the German military. "[72], In 1935, the government led by the Radical Republican Party went through a series of crises. 100,000 in combat, 135,000 executed, 30,000 other causes,. [337], Demographers take an entirely different approach; instead of adding up deaths from different categories, they try to gauge the difference between the total number of deaths recorded during the war and the total that would result from applying annual death averages from the 1926–1935 period; this difference is considered excess death resulting from the war.