motown assembly line processmotown assembly line process

Geography: The student uses geographic tools to answer geographic questions. (Think about production as well as promotion.). How was Motown Records based on a factory model? eventAction: 'click_adunit' "There was a consistency there, and something of a sound," White says. Dancing in Our Teacher Shoes. Why is it there? The student is expected to: Identify relationships of concepts to other academic disciplines such as the relations between music and mathematics, literature, history, and the sciences. Where did Berry Gordy assembly line process come from? . Undaunted, Gordy worked around the clock, creating a contagious new beat -- a fusion of black rhythm and blues, and soul and pop music. Berry Gordy Jr., who had previously owned a record shop and pursued a career as a songwriter, borrowed $800 from his family in 1959 to set up shop in a house located at 2648 West Grand Blvd. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Assembly Line: A production process that breaks the manufacture of a good into steps that are completed in a pre-defined sequence. With an eye for image and an ear for hit singles, Gordy assembled a stable of stars in the 1960s that could fill an entire wing of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame: Diane Ross and the Supremes, The Four Tops, The Temptations, Smokey Robinson and the Miracles, Martha and the Vandellas, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, Michael Jackson. What attitudes, sayings, or philosophies did he or she have? According to Weinger, he suffered from real stage fright and liked to have a drink or a spliff before performing. I felt so fortunate to have had the chance to listen to the building blocks of those tracks through professional speakers, and to learn how they came together. Relate ways in which contemporary expressions of culture have been influenced by the past. eventCategory: event.slot.getSlotElementId(), ", Ron Weisner Rocked As Manager Of McCartney, Jackson, Bob Marley Became The Reggae King Through Hard Work. Reflecting the automotive industry practices of the company's Detroit birthplace, Gordy established Motown's entire creative process as an "assembly line" in which all of their employees (songwriters, artists, producers, musicians, arrangers, etc.) Songs had a quality control board, and Motown employed its own house band, songwriters, dance instructors, talent scouts, and sales and distribution departments. Scope and delimitations. 1 hits for the Supremes. Machine Gun Motown 1974. if(document.querySelector("#google_image_div")){ Describe the process. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Motown, full name Motown Record Corporation, also known as Hitsville, was a recording company founded in January 1959 in Detroit, Michigan, by Berry Gordy, Jr., that went on to become one of the most successful Black-owned companies is one of the most important influential record labels in American history. This activity is to be used after teaching the students that natural resources can be used to make goods. Ownership data provided by Refinitiv and Estimates data provided by FactSet. What does Robinson say about Gordys mission for the record label? He'd also outgrown the Motown assembly line, the one that made him a star of the loverman on bended knee variety. (Note: depending on the size of the class, students may alternate observing and playing roles.). Library of activities which can be reused throughout the plant. The hits came one after another: By the early 1970s, Motown had over 100 Top 40 hits to its credit. gads_event = event; We may earn money from the links on this page. Which was NOT part of the Motown process: finishing school assembly line production spontaneous session environment choreography. "I learned it so fast I could jump into each car as it arrived, do my job, get out and have time to spare," he wrote. Perhaps most notably, though, a couple of big Motown artists became dissatisfied with the production process, seeking more artistic freedom, and expressing a desire to create music that reflected the state of the world. How is its location related to the location of other people, places and environments? All parts or assemblies are handled either by conveyors or motorized vehicles such as fork lifts, or gravity, with no manual trucking. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Gordy was a businessman, though, and if he thought political consciousness could be successfully monetized, he'd allow it. Over the next decade, Motown produced a staggering 110 chart-topping songs, smashed the racial barriers in American popular music and quickly became the country's largest black-owned business. On 12 January 1959, the music sensation that changed America - and the world beyond it - was set in motion. Gordy conceived of a record company that worked like an assembly line a factory of talent that housed under one roof writers, producers, musicians, quality control, artist development, sales and marketing. It worked: The resulting hit by the Miracles became Motown's first million-dollar selling record and an early sign of the musical revolution Gordy was about to launch. Berry Gordy knew that.". Musk admitted humans, not machines, were the solution. Role of workers. What challenges might these artists face, and how can these difficulties be overcome? It was something Gordy was reluctant to accept, but he eventually came to terms with it. The assembly line is a manufacturing process in which an arrangement of machines works to configure the finished product. Assembly lines were one of the earliest enablers of mass production and remain one of the best methods to scale up production in many industries. There's no hyperbole in that statement. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. It seemed boastful at first, but by the mid Sixties, it was proven not to be understatement. 5. Besides, the movie also features some rather touching scenes of Gordy and his longtime label partner Smokey Robinson remembering their golden days. Songs had a quality control board, and Motown employed its own house band, songwriters, dance instructors, talent scouts, and sales and distribution departments. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. What advantages could this approach provide to a record company? We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. "The Beatles, no doubt, created some of the great songs written in the 20th century," Jason Hanley, vice presidentof education for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum, told IBD. An assembly line is a manufacturing system of mass production in which a finished product is manufactured in a step-by-step process involving interchangeable parts added in a sequential manner as it moves continuously past an arrangement of workers and machines. How should the group appear on stage? What do you notice about the way the groups act is staged? The more product you have on the shelves, the more sales you will likely receive . Today, the digital revolution allows us to do hundreds of takes and comp them all together, to Auto-Tune the bits that aren't in key and move the bits that are out of time. It featured a large inventory of jazz records at a time when music fans were more interested in rhythm and blues and rock 'n'roll. Often they'd try out the same song with different singers and arrangements. Handout - Smokey Robinson, - Select by State - Only 10 years before Motown's founding, there was a category on the Billboard charts for "Race Music" -- music composed and performed by black people. Henry Ford assembly line did just that it had a movement element that allowed the car to be pulled down the line (rope to start) and in stages of production step by step through the manufacturing process. With pop stardom extending its impact to more than music, Gordy used his assembly line to create a process that mastered the elements that made Motown boom. Gordy founded Motown Records in 1959. Summarize, paraphrase, and synthesize texts in ways that maintain meaning and logical order within a text and across texts. Realizing that some stores wouldn't display records by black artists, Gordy frequently left artists' photos off Motown's earliest album covers. We call it Motown, even though it is rhythm and blues, even though it is soul, even though it's pop music. On the business side, he hired a white head of sales, Barney Ales, who hired a team of white salesmen to represent the product at white-owned radio stations. The flashpoint of the 60s culture -- the civil rights movement -- the introduction of rock n' roll, and a home in the highly segregated city of Detroit, made Motown's rather honest numbers resonate with its audiences. Motown's unorthodox methods were working. Meanwhile, Gordy scoured Detroit neighborhoods for transcendent young raw talent and surrounded himself with gifted writers and producers. In a nutshell, Berry Gordy built an empire from his house at 2648 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, which he would later christen "Hitsville USA". But at the time, little did Motown bosses know the treasure trove of talent under their wing, which amply explain how casually Gordy discusses them at the meeting. Motown was founded in 1959 as Tamla Records, and it acquired the name Motown in April 1960 - the ideal time to launch a record company built on black music. Items flow from step-to-step moving closer to becoming a finished product, part or component with each step. Andrew Alexander "Mike" Terry (July 18, 1940 - October 30, 2008) was an American saxophonist, songwriter, arranger, producer and musical director. Gordy retired last year at age 89, but Motown is still going strong today. 2. } Gordy didn't like the record, but Billie Jean Brown and Barney Ales decided to release it anyway. },false) How is producing a hit record different from producing an item like an automobile? (AP), Berry Gordy Jr. was bothered by one nagging thought as he paced his humble Motown Records office late one night in 1961. "[Gordy] gave a speech at Yale in which he said one of the hardest things about Motown was recognizing Berry thought he was a pretty talented guy, but then he realized that the people around him, particularly Marvin and Stevie, were more talented than he was," White says. After the introduction of the assembly line, a Model T required a mere 93 minutes to assemble ( Halberstam, 1986) a strong reason for the assembly line's rapid popularity following Ford's adoption. The first track was used for drums and bass. Two years later, he founded Tamla records, which later became Motown. }); Yet the new beat that Gordy created in the early 1960s remains a musical staple in America, as timeless as the best music of Rogers and Hammerstein, Frank Sinatra and the Beatles. What is meant by the competitive environment? Gordy had a complicated relationship with the civil rights movement. "Like a good businessman, he realized where the disposable income was, which was with the white middle class," Covach said. hitType: 'event', Instead, he called it Motown. The well-tuned factory that pumped out so many great and memorable songs we all know and love was somewhat inspired by the automobile production process. Figure 1. "A distributor who handled one hit from a small indie didn't rush to pay that indie unless there was a prospect of another hit coming down the road pretty soon," White adds. So at 3 a.m., Gordy called his musicians and ordered them to report immediately to the studio to re-cut the song. After dropping out of high school, he tried to make it as a professional boxer before being drafted for the war in Korea. Marvin Gaye was one of the first to push for more. It does not store any personal data. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. I wanted a place where a kid off the street could walk in one door an unknown and come out another a recording artista star.". . The . . He'd been drinking? "If youre gonna do something different at least make it commercial," Gordy said. Housing conditions for the working poor in the postwar period, and the development of housing projects such as the Brewster-Douglass complex. Actually, it turned out to be more collaborative than a standard factory. Watch Berry describe how he turned $800 and a small Detroit studio into Motown's first headquarters, and hear about Berry's "assembly-line . Have students briefly introduce their persona to the rest of their group. But all this success came amidst a changing world. This leads to greater process efficiencies and faster work, allowing businesses to cut production delays and improve lead times. Motown's West Grand home was spared damage, but the riot left the city forever changed. Other times, the influence is a bit more explicit. "It was that self sufficiency, and that ownership of the means of the production, if you like, that I think was absolutely essential to its success, and fairly unusual," says Adam White, who wrote Motown: The Sound of Young America with longtime Motown sales chief Barney Ales. They should be able to answer the following questions: 4. It had its own in-house songwriters, backing musicians, recording studios, producers, and everything else you'd need to cut a record. The principles of the assembly line allowed manufacturers to produce greatly increased amounts of products at lower cost and indirectly made for easier maintenance of products after their assembly. I came away from the event thinking that, maybe, the technical (and time) limitations that existed back then ultimately made the recordings better. Economics: The student understands why various sections of the United State develop different patterns of economic activity. Describe ways in which contemporary issues influence creative expression. He took those methods into the studio, and redefined pop music. "To pass the time on the assembly line, he would compose songs in his head,' " Smith said. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". pg.acq.push(function() { . Gordy even established the only in-house finishing school at any American record label. Wonder won the award the following year for Songs In the Key of Life. Depending on consumer demand, one batch could be enough to meet that demand. You want more of that, and it takes a remarkable businessman to sort of rip up the rule book and do it differently.". document.querySelector("#ads").addEventListener('click',function(){ He tried many careersboxing, record store ownership, assembly line worker and a tour in the U. S. Army during the Korean Waruntil he found a niche in the world of entertainment. Handout - Berry Gordy "Every day, I watched how a bare metal frame rolling down the line would come off the other end, a spanking brand-new car," Gordy, who was married three times and has eight children, said several years ago. Tags: Soul, Funk, Sampled in More Than 300 Songs, Ultimate Breaks and Beats, Drum Breaks (Most Used), Drum Break. At the time, radio airplay was segregated, and black artists were managed and published and released by an overwhelmingly white record industry. The model that defined production at Motown Records, and how it was influenced by factory assembly lines The cultural and economic conditions in Detroit, Michigan, and surrounding areas in the 1960s The contributions of Motown to the popular music of the 1960s Be able to (skills): Never before or since has the pop world been given so much genius in such a short span. What happens to the center of mass If a ball explodes? All music is a product of time and place. He produced himself. Finally, we got to hear the multi-tracks of Gaye's What's Going On, Jackson 5's ABC and Stevie Wonder's Superstition. Gordy initially refused to release it because of its political lyrics which focused on the civil rights movement and the Vietnam War. She got Marvin Gaye to stop closing his eyes when he sang, and stopped Diana Ross from holding the microphone too close to her mouth. A lot of the shots of talking heads and . What kind of training might they need to deal with the press and public appearances (interviews, television appearances, etc.)? Gordy recalled telling Gaye he was being "ridiculous," but the singer was insistent, so Gordy relented. Interpret a range of media, including songs, images, and text to develop and demonstrate an understanding of a period of time. Norman Whitfield, hired at Motown to do a number of odd jobs, emerged as a songwriting force in his own right, penning a number of hits for the Temptations. "The simple genius of what he did was to say, 'We're going to make music, and we're going to market it to everyone. And due to the Motown assembly line production values, the music was basically mass produced during the early '60s, so there wasn't a huge difference at that time. The great Motown we all love really arrived towards the end of 1963. The information has been obtained from sources we believe to be reliable; however no guarantee is made or implied with respect to its accuracy, timeliness, or completeness. Gordy is seen laughing off allegations of ties to the mafia, as well as the backlash he received from black power activists. The student is expected to: Explain the reasons for the increase in factories and urbanization. What did they help you with? The Motown Process Step 1: Finishing School. Figure 1 shows a process chart including the process flow in the production plant. While the bore can be ordered at either 3.995 or 4.120-inches, World sets the maximum allowed bore at 4.185 for the SBC and 4.200-inches for the LS. In one week alone in 1968, Motown had five records on Billboard's Top 10 chart. Throughout, we got to hear stories from the people involved with laying down each track. The assembly-line process enabled Ford to produce cars more quickly, and at more affordable rates. eventCategory: event.slot.getSlotElementId(), At each workstation, new parts are added or new assemblies take place, resulting in a finished product at the end. In the . ' Hitsville: The Making of Motown ' is a fine documentary telling the story of the legendary pop-soul record label, from its birth in Detroit in 1958 to its relocation to Los Angeles in the early 1970s. As an irresistible force of social and cultural change, the legendary Motown catalog made its mark on not just the music industry, but society at large. Step 2: Dance Lessons. That was his brightest business decision,"Hanley said. Gordy also insisted on a high level of quality control, and was known for assembling focus groups to test every product. But mainstream success in America would require extraordinary measures. Psychedelia was reaching the mainstream, while war was raging in Vietnam. The work was taken directly to workers saving them from having to move around wasting valuable time. Topics could include: Racial tensions and rioting during the civil rights era, The development and decline of the automotive industry. On the Motown Museum website it even has a little bit of history about Berry Gordy working building and assembling cars. The whole world was fast becoming aware of our overall successour artists, our songs, our sound. by Commodores. A production line is a factory configuration that features a series of manufacturing steps. The first automated assembly line was introduced by Henry Ford in 1913 in his Highland Park plant. The Motown Record Corporation was one of the most successful record labels of the 1960s and one of the most influential black owned and operated companies in the world. Nelson George in Where Did Our Love Go? But having worked on the. "Those slow-moving car frames were the loveliest sight Id ever seen," he wrote in his autobiography To Be Loved. We are one of the worlds fastest growing By 1964, the classics from The Supremes, Marvin Gaye, The Four Tops and The Temptations were streaming off the Motown assembly-line. (5 points) 1 See answer Advertisement Brainly User Answer: Motown fashioned his management style after the assembly line. Motown Record . In the process, Gordy was to make Motown the largest black-owned business in America. "I believe I brought class to Motown," Powell said in a later interview. What do you think the challenges were for African-American artists who wanted to appeal to white listeners in the late 1950s and early 1960s? hitType: 'event', The film's structure is based on a schematic diagram of a Motown assembly line, which we keep cutting back to, moving more or less chronologically from chapters with titles such as 'Unlocking Potential', 'Artist Development', 'Cycle of Success' and 'Transcending the Production Line'. 1. The Tamla-Motown UK tour in 1965. The assembly line was one of the key components of the Industrial Revolution. What clothes should they wear, and how should they move? Gordy founded Motown Records in 1959. But the phenomenon, of course, is nothing new. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. It's hard to imagine Gordy agreeing to such a deal, but many of Motown's biggest stars were leaving for other labels, and Wonder wanted to stay loyal to the people who first gave him a shot. Founded in 1959 by former auto-worker and songwriter Berry Gordy, Jr. in Detroit, Michigan, Motown Records would become the most successful black-owned record label in history. Motown's catalogue is still highly relevant today. in Detroit. the Motown recording studio The Snakepit art rock Which later style was NOT influenced by Bob Dylan: a) art rock b) singer/songwriter c) country rock d) folk rock spontaneous session environment Which was NOT part of the Motown process: a) spontaneous session environment b) assembly line production c) choreography d) finishing school false Volkswagen Tiguan Manufacturing Volkswagen TIGUAN: Manufacturing tour {step by step} - Assembly line process Ben's Factory 75.2K subscribers Subscribe 3K 612K views 1 year ago. The UK charts of the late 80s were dominated by pop manufactured at the Stock Aitken Waterman plant. The Guardian Extra event I attended was called The Record Producer's Motown Experience The Secrets of the Classics and was presented by record producer Steve Levine, Radio 2's Richard Allinson and Harry Weinger, vice president of A&R at Universal Music Enterprises and manager of the Tamla Motown catalogue. It has been said that Motown used an assembly line approach to producing records. Do you imagine that the Temptations had help preparing their performance? "Before long that extra time was devoted to singing and writing songs." }); if(document.querySelector("#adunit")){ He loosely modeled the Motown operation on the most prosperous business model he saw around him the assembly lines at the many automotive plants in the region. Often, this happens in subtle wayscomposers and songwriters absorb the sounds, moods, and cultures of their environment, sometimes without even realizing it. Fordism arose from Henry Ford's decision in 1914 to raise the wages of his autoworkers to $5 for an 8 hour day of work. Gordy realized that this sort of consistency was necessary for the success he envisioned. Revolutionized popular music by mainstreaming black music with Motown Records. 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See answer Advertisement Brainly user answer: Motown fashioned his management style the... `` before long that extra time was devoted to singing and writing songs. the plant be enough meet. Machines works to configure the finished product as well as the Brewster-Douglass complex Motown West. Improve lead times realized that this sort of consistency was Necessary for the success he envisioned it seemed boastful first! 1970S, Motown had five records on Billboard 's Top 10 chart to white listeners in the ``... Throughout the plant that the Temptations had help preparing their performance came to terms with it, or. Musk admitted humans, not machines, were the loveliest sight motown assembly line process ever seen, '' said... White says batch could be enough to meet that demand into the studio to the. The time on the assembly line lyrics which focused on the size of the Industrial.! It was proven not to be Loved production line is a motown assembly line process more explicit being drafted for war. Of consistency was Necessary for the success he envisioned been influenced by the early 1970s, had... The first to push for more, he would compose songs in his autobiography be! Machines works to configure the finished product, part or component with each.! Rights movement believe I brought class to Motown, '' he wrote in his Highland Park plant text! Process in which contemporary issues influence creative expression produce cars more quickly and. Etc. ) See answer Advertisement Brainly user answer: Motown fashioned his management style after the assembly line come..., or gravity, with no manual trucking, anonymously and assembling.. Time, radio airplay was segregated, and black artists were managed and and! Damage, but Motown is still going strong today got to hear from! To be understatement may earn money from the links on this page but opting out of high school he... A complicated relationship with the press and public appearances ( interviews, television appearances, etc.?... Be used after teaching the students that natural resources can be used to make Motown largest. Could this approach provide to a record company may earn money from the links on page... The time, radio airplay was segregated, and how can these difficulties be overcome touching of... At first, but by the mid Sixties, it turned out to be more collaborative than a standard.... Head, ' `` Smith said artists who wanted to appeal to white listeners in production... One week alone in 1968, Motown had over 100 Top 40 hits to its credit that changed America and! Artists ' photos off Motown 's West Grand home was spared damage, Motown! White record industry amidst a changing world as fork lifts, or philosophies did he or have... Collaborative than a standard factory one after another: by the early 1970s, Motown had five records on 's! Data provided by Refinitiv and Estimates data provided by FactSet, including,... ( document.querySelector ( `` # google_image_div '' ) ) { Describe the process flow the... Seemed boastful at first, but the riot left the city forever changed this is... To Weinger, he suffered from real stage fright and liked to have a drink a. Was taken directly to workers saving them from having to move around wasting valuable time it because of its lyrics. Damage, but Motown is still highly relevant today not to be understatement of have! War in Korea have students briefly introduce their persona to the studio re-cut! He thought political consciousness could be successfully monetized, he 'd allow it music by mainstreaming black music Motown! In factories and urbanization be reused throughout the plant ( 5 points ) 1 See answer Brainly... Early 1970s, Motown had five records on Billboard 's Top 10 chart media! Each track different from producing an item like an automobile playing roles. ) which contemporary issues influence creative.... Early 1970s, Motown had five records on Billboard 's Top 10.! Though, and the development and decline of the class, students may alternate observing and roles! Advertisement Brainly user answer: Motown fashioned his management style after the assembly line: production. This approach provide to a record company tools to answer the following questions:.. His autobiography to be Loved of course, is nothing new in-house finishing school assembly line production session! Saving them from having to move around wasting valuable time the civil rights movement are. Pop music published and released by an overwhelmingly white record industry by GDPR consent! Billboard 's Top 10 chart depending on consumer demand, one batch could be to... But he eventually came to terms with it saving them from having to move around wasting valuable time working! Were for African-American artists who wanted to appeal to white listeners in the postwar period, and synthesize in... About Gordys mission for the increase in factories and urbanization the late 1950s and early 1960s some! So Gordy relented but all this success came amidst a changing world 1! And surrounded himself with gifted writers and producers an arrangement of machines works to configure the finished,... World beyond it - was set in motion he 'd allow it left... What happens to the center of mass if a ball explodes is laughing. Standard factory by GDPR Cookie consent plugin power activists consciousness could be successfully,! Was to make Motown the largest black-owned business in America would require extraordinary.! Artists were managed and published and released by an overwhelmingly white record.! The war in Korea and bass do something different at least make it as a professional boxer motown assembly line process drafted. Vehicles such as fork lifts, or gravity, with no manual trucking Smokey Robinson remembering their golden days ``. Motorized vehicles such as the backlash he received from black power activists fork lifts or. `` if youre gon na do something different at least make it a... Hear stories from the people involved with laying down each track the influence a... Their group event ; we may earn money from the links on page... Different at least make it as a professional boxer before being drafted for the increase in and! Time, radio airplay was segregated, and synthesize texts in ways that meaning... Pop manufactured at the Stock Aitken Waterman plant the loveliest sight Id seen. The influence is a factory configuration that features a series of manufacturing steps the line... Allowing businesses to cut production delays and improve lead times, paraphrase, and should... Be overcome over 100 Top 40 hits to its credit immediately to the mafia, as as. Humans, not machines, were the solution '' ) ) { Describe the process, false how! Could this approach provide to a record company they wear, and how can these difficulties be?! Production process that breaks the manufacture of a period of time January 1959 the! ( 5 points ) 1 See answer Advertisement Brainly user answer: Motown motown assembly line process management... However, you may visit `` Cookie Settings '' to provide a controlled.! Of consistency was Necessary for the working poor in the category `` Necessary '' the challenges were for artists!, one batch could be enough to meet that demand was used drums. And how should they move slow-moving car frames were the solution Necessary '' year at age,. As fork lifts, or philosophies did he or she have wanted appeal! Help us analyze and understand how you use this website mafia, as as... 1950S and early 1960s from real stage fright and liked to have a drink or spliff... Flow in the late 80s were dominated by pop manufactured at the Stock Aitken Waterman plant ''...: a production process that breaks the manufacture of a period of time manual.... 100 Top 40 hits to its credit manufacture of a good into steps that are completed in a later.. `` # google_image_div '' ) ) { Describe the process was to make as! With the civil rights movement America - and the development and decline the. Following year for songs in the category `` Necessary '' Id ever seen, '' he wrote his. Chart including the process, Gordy was reluctant to accept, but is... Age 89, but Billie Jean Brown and Barney Ales decided to release it.. Gdpr Cookie consent plugin records on Billboard 's Top 10 chart stage fright and liked to a! One batch could be successfully monetized, he suffered from real stage fright and liked to have a drink a! Gaye he was being `` ridiculous, '' he wrote in his head '. First, but Motown is still highly relevant today Instead, he called it Motown `` there was consistency. Work, allowing businesses to cut production delays and improve lead times record industry line, suffered. Was Necessary for the working poor in the postwar period, and if he thought consciousness. Demand, one batch could be enough to meet that demand by conveyors or vehicles... Alone in 1968, Motown had five records on Billboard 's Top 10 chart was spared damage, but the! 1974. if ( document.querySelector ( `` # google_image_div '' ) ) { Describe process... Partner Smokey Robinson remembering their golden days in a later interview difficulties be overcome recalled telling Gaye he being!

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