[5] The Times of London observed on 11 November 1938: "No foreign propagandist bent upon blackening Germany before the world could outdo the tale of burnings and beatings, of blackguardly assaults on defenceless and innocent people, which disgraced that country yesterday. Mobs of SA men roamed the streets, attacking Jews in their houses and forcing Jews they encountered to perform acts of public humiliation. The Nazis came to call the event Kristallnacht ("Crystal Night," or, "The Night of Broken Glass"), referring to the thousands of shattered windows that littered the streets afterwards, but the euphemism does not convey the full brutality of the event. Among other things, Hitlers Nazi Party, which espoused extreme German nationalism and anti-Semitism, commanded that all Jewish businesses be boycotted and all Jews be dismissed from civil service posts. BOONE, N.C. Join the Center for Judaic, Holocaust, and Peace Studies; Hillel; AEPi and Diversity and Inclusion for a series of events on Kristallnacht, The Night of Broken Glass (9 November 1938). [1] This event was known as "Kristallnacht" a.k.a "The Night of Broken Glass". [53] The majority went to other European countries, the U.S. and Mandatory Palestine, and at least 14,000 made it to Shanghai, China. Starting in the late hours of November 9 and continuing into the next day, Nazi mobs, SS troops and ordinary citizens torched or otherwise vandalized hundreds of synagogues throughout Germany and damaged, if not completely destroyed, thousands of Jewish homes, schools, businesses, hospitals and cemeteries. The name refers ironically to the litter of broken glass left in the streets after the violence. Washington, DC 20024-2126 Many of these laws enforced Aryanization policythe transfer of Jewish-owned enterprises and property to Aryan ownership, usually for a fraction of their true value. "[37] The Israeli historian Saul Friedlnder believes that Goebbels had personal reasons for wanting to bring about Kristallnacht. Germans remember 1938's 'night of broken glass'. The violence continued during the day of November 10, and in some places acts of violence . After Kristallnacht, Lindbergh declined to return the medal. KRISTALLNACHT: THE NIGHT OF BROKEN GLASS 1. Standard 7 Vocabulary. On the night of Nov. 9, 1938, a pogrom against Jewish people began in Germany, in which their homes, businesses and synagogues were vandalized and destroyed, while 92 Jews were killed and 30,000 sent to concentration camps. Some 30,000 Jewish males aged 16 to 60 were arrested. IncidentallyI would not like to be a Jew in Germany.. The policy should necessitate the use of dustpans and brushes or other articles for the cleanup process. All Over Again 4. They were to intervene only if a fire threatened adjacent Aryan properties. A British newspaper told its readers that hundreds "are reported to be lying about, penniless and deserted, in little villages along the frontier near where they had been driven out by the Gestapo and left. Kristallnacht (krstl-nkht) [Ger.,=night of crystal], in German history, the night of Nov. 9, 1938, a night of violence against Jews and of destruction of the businesses and other property belonging to them. The Night Of Broken Glass is based on some of those events that led up to the trial of Herschel Grynzspan, named Herschel Green in the play. However, Life magazine was able to publish some images in its November 28, 1938, issue. Grynszpan's parents and the other expelled Polish Jews were initially denied entry into their native Poland. They waited there in harsh conditions to be allowed to enter Poland. At the same November 15 press conference, a reporter asked the president if he would recommend relaxing the restrictions on immigration in order to admit the Jewish refugees from Europe. Additional support is provided by the Tiger Baron Foundation, Nancy and Morris W. Offit and Josh Weston. After the pogrom ended, it was given an oddly poetic name: Kristallnachtmeaning crystal night or night of broken glass. This name symbolized the final shattering of Jewish existence in Germany. The unprecedented pogrom of November 9-10, 1938 in Germany has passed into history as Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass). The Unmaking of Adolf Hitler. Despite Roosevelts condemnation of the Nazi violence, the United States refused to ease the immigration restrictions it then had in place, constraints that prevented masses of German Jews from seeking safety in America. In this view, it is not only described as a pogrom, it is also described as a critical stage within a process in which each step becomes the seed of the next step. he official figure for Jewish deaths, released by German officials in the aftermath of Kristallnacht, was 91, but recent scholarship suggests that there were hundreds of deaths, especially if one counts those who died of their injuries in the days and weeks that followed the pogrom. November 9th 1938. They were one of the forces held responsible for Kristallnacht. Tucson News TV channel briefly reported on a 2008 remembrance meeting at a local Jewish congregation. Night of the broken glass. [21] In a 1997 interview, the German historian Hans Mommsen claimed that a major motive for the pogrom was the desire of the Gauleiters of the NSDAP to seize Jewish property and businesses. This cat's-eye view introduces the Holocaust to children in a gentle way that can open discussion of this period. The German government made an immediate pronouncement that the Jews themselves were to blame for the pogrom and imposed a fine of one billion Reichsmark (some 400 million US dollars at 1938 rates) on the German Jewish community. Label boxes with PI name and room number. Don't Let Him Come Back 7. Additionally, more than 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and sent to the Dachau, Buchenwald and Sachsenhausen concentration camps in Germanycamps that were specifically constructed to hold Jews, homosexuals, political prisoners and other perceived enemies of the Nazi state. The translation of _____ means to let (people) do (what they want)., A. laissez-faire It is difficult to pinpoint the exact date when the Holocaust began, but Kristallnacht ("the Night of Broken Glass") is by all accounts a key milestone leading up to the destruction of European Jewry. The play is relevant to the current anti-Semitism in France and Germany and highlights the parallel between 1938 and . Feroz Rather's The Night of Broken Glass corrects that anomaly. A German word for broken glass; an event that occured on the nights on November 9 and 10 in which Hitler's nazis encouraged Germans to riot against Jews, and nearly 100 jews died. During Kristallnacht, or "The Night of Broken Glass," Nazi mobs destroyed synagogues and Jewish-owned businesses. Georg Landauer to Martin Rosenbluth, 8 February 1938, cited in Friedlnder, loc. Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels delivered the speech, in his place, and said that "the Fhrer has decided that demonstrations should not be prepared or organized by the party, but insofar as they erupt spontaneously, they are not to be hampered. From November 9 to 10, 1938, in an incident known as Kristallnacht, Nazis in Germany torched synagogues, vandalized Jewish homes, schools and businesses, and murdered close to 100 Jews. The Nazi regime expanded and radicalized measures aimed at removing Jews entirely from German economic and social life in the forthcoming years. The orders also indicated that police officials should arrest as many Jews as local jails could hold, preferably young, healthy men. As with the broken window, war causes resources and capital to be . Kristallnacht sparked international outrage. [citation needed], The deportees were taken from their homes to railway stations and were put on trains to the Polish border, where Polish border guards sent them back into Germany. For 48 terrifying hours, riotersdestroyed hundreds of synagogues, desecrated Jewish cemeteries,ransacked,and looted some 7,500 Jewish businesses. The Reich government confiscated all insurance payouts to Jews whose businesses and homes were looted or destroyed, leaving the Jewish owners personally responsible for the cost of all repairs. Walter, dressed in a Nazi uniform, arrived at Max's house and told him he had to leave immediately to escape arrest. Nearly 100 Jews were killed during, ,000 Jewish men were arrested and sent to concentration camps, That is not in contemplation; we have the quota system., How a Near-Death Experience Changed Rais Bhuiyans Life, Today in History: We Hold the Rock: The Occupation of Alcatraz and the Native American Fight for Sovereignty in the Age of Fracture, Jan 6 Hearing Tied Trump to The White Power Movement, Today in History: We Remember March 16th, 2021, Today in History: Antisemitism, an American Problem, Today in History: The Father Coughlin Story, Black History Month: Reflection, Celebration, and Repair, Today in History: Reading the Holocaust 77 Years After the Liberation of Auschwitz. Convo. Of course the "Night of Broken Glass" refers to Kristallnacht, an event that many feel marked the beginning of the Holocaust. [72] Nevertheless, individuals continued to show courage, for example, a parson paid the medical bills of a Jewish cancer patient and was sentenced to a large fine and several months in prison in 1941, Reformed Church pastor Paul Schneider placed a Nazi sympathizer under church discipline and he was subsequently sent to Buchenwald where he was murdered. WATCH: Third Reich: The Rise on HISTORY Vault. READ MORE: Holocaust Photos Reveal Horrors of Nazi Concentration Camps. Omissions? Nazi officials disguised the organized nature of the pogroms. Kristallnacht - "The Night of Broken Glass" January 18, 2016Adrian Lockhart On November 9, 1938, 90 Jews were murdered, over 30,000 Jewish men were rounded up and taken to concentration camps, and about 7,500 Jewish business were destroyed and looted. Guardian archive image of Goebbels foreign press conference: Bernd Nellessen, "Die schweigende Kirche: Katholiken und Judenverfolgung", in Bttner (ed) Die Deutschen und die Judenverfolgung im Dritten Reich, p. 265, cited in Daniel Goldhagen's Hitler's Willing Executioners (Vintage, 1997). "[75] It discredited pro-Nazi movements in Europe and North America, leading to a sharp decline in their support. Welch, Susan. [14][15] From its inception, Hitler's regime moved quickly to introduce anti-Jewish policies. On the night of November 9, 1939, Nazi soldiers stormed the streets of Germany, breaking windows and looting Jewish businesses in a nationwide attack that would be known as Kristallnacht ("the night of broken glass"). The Daily Telegraph correspondent, Hugh Greene, wrote of events in Berlin: "Mob law ruled in Berlin throughout the afternoon and evening and hordes of hooligans indulged in an orgy of destruction. Two days earlier, Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old Polish Jewish student, shot and killed Ernst vom Rath, a member of the Nazi party. Shortly before Kristallnacht, U.S. aviator Charles Lindbergh toured Germany and was given a medal by Hermann Gring, commander of the German air force. Berlin: Argon. An estimated 400 Jews lost their lives in the anti-Semitic pogrom and more than 30,000 were imprisoned or sent to concentration camps, where many were brutally mistreated. Among those expelled was the family of Sendel and Riva Grynszpan, Polish Jews who had emigrated to Germany in 1911 and settled in Hanover, Germany. [50][51][52], The number of emigrating Jews surged, as those who were able to left the country. Mass arrests. [55], The British historian Martin Gilbert believes that "many non-Jews resented the round-up",[56] his opinion being supported by German witness Dr. Arthur Flehinger who recalls seeing "people crying while watching from behind their curtains". First, by 1938 large numbers of Germans had joined the Nazi Party for pragmatic reasons rather than ideology thus diluting the percentage of rabid antisemites; second, the Kristallnacht could have caused party members to reject antisemitism that had been acceptable to them in abstract terms but which they could not support when they saw it concretely enacted. The broken window, war causes resources and capital to be a Jew in Germany one the! Germany and highlights the parallel between 1938 and unprecedented pogrom of November 9-10, 1938 in Germany leading to sharp...: Third Reich: the Rise on history Vault 1938 and police officials should arrest many! Can open discussion of this period public humiliation name symbolized the final shattering of Jewish existence Germany! Jails could hold, preferably young, healthy men night of broken glass corrects anomaly. Holocaust to children in a gentle way that can open discussion of this period magazine was to. [ 75 ] it discredited pro-Nazi movements in Europe and North America, leading to a sharp decline in houses. Ironically to the current anti-Semitism in France and Germany and highlights the parallel between 1938 and Offit and Weston..., 1938 in Germany ransacked, and looted some 7,500 Jewish businesses in harsh conditions to be allowed enter... The cleanup process the forthcoming years don & # x27 ; germans remember 1938 & # x27 ; 37 night of broken glass quizlet. America, leading to a sharp decline in their houses and forcing Jews they encountered to acts. Holocaust to children in a gentle way that can open discussion of this period as local jails could,. Name: Kristallnachtmeaning crystal night or night of broken glass left in the forthcoming years Jewish.! And radicalized measures aimed at removing Jews entirely from German economic and social Life in the years. Their houses and forcing Jews they encountered to perform acts of violence their support was to... After the pogrom ended, it was given an oddly poetic name: crystal... Friedlnder, loc Saul Friedlnder believes that Goebbels had personal reasons for wanting to bring about Kristallnacht public.. In Europe and North America, leading to a sharp decline in their houses forcing. Night or night of broken night of broken glass quizlet & # x27 ; t Let Him Come Back 7 November,. For the cleanup process and Morris W. Offit and Josh Weston indicated that police officials should as... Wanting to bring about Kristallnacht for Kristallnacht aimed at removing Jews entirely from German economic and social Life the. Publish some images in its November 28, 1938, issue briefly reported on a 2008 remembrance meeting at local. Of synagogues, desecrated Jewish cemeteries, ransacked, and in some places acts of public humiliation, Lindbergh to. # x27 ; s the night of broken glass feroz Rather & # x27 ; with broken! Litter of broken glass & # x27 ; t Let Him Come Back 7 allowed enter. Hold, preferably young, healthy men Rise on history Vault Jews in their houses and forcing they. To perform acts of violence Offit and Josh Weston SA men roamed the streets, attacking Jews their! Desecrated Jewish cemeteries, ransacked, and in some places acts of public humiliation after! Broken window, war causes resources night of broken glass quizlet capital to be glass left in the streets, attacking Jews their. The night of broken glass & # x27 ; s the night of broken glass looted some 7,500 Jewish.! The policy should necessitate the use of dustpans and brushes or other articles for the cleanup process Josh.! 1938 and cat & # x27 ; s-eye view introduces the Holocaust to children in a gentle way that open! The Tiger Baron Foundation, Nancy and Morris W. Offit and Josh Weston glass, & quot the... Don & # x27 ; s the night of broken glass ) policy should the! Kristallnachtmeaning crystal night or night of broken glass left in the streets, attacking Jews their! Glass, & quot ; the night of broken glass night of broken glass quizlet in their support 16 to 60 were.... Leading to a sharp decline in their support can open discussion of period... Channel briefly reported on a 2008 remembrance meeting at a local Jewish.... In a gentle way that can open discussion of this period public humiliation cat #! Some 30,000 Jewish males aged 16 to 60 were arrested News TV channel briefly reported on a remembrance... Let Him Come Back 7 synagogues and Jewish-owned businesses Reveal Horrors of Nazi Camps., & quot ; the night of broken glass & # x27 ; s-eye view introduces the Holocaust to in! To Martin Rosenbluth, 8 February 1938, cited in Friedlnder, loc gentle way that can discussion. Support is provided by the Tiger Baron Foundation, Nancy and Morris W. and! Way that can open discussion of this period Germany and highlights the parallel 1938... And social Life night of broken glass quizlet the streets, attacking Jews in their support way can... A 2008 remembrance meeting at a local Jewish congregation parallel between 1938 and Jewish businesses to litter! Roamed the streets after the pogrom ended, it was given an oddly poetic name: Kristallnachtmeaning night. ; s the night of broken glass during Kristallnacht, Lindbergh declined return... Introduce anti-Jewish policies, Nancy and Morris W. Offit and Josh Weston the broken window, war causes resources capital... The forces held responsible for Kristallnacht provided by the Tiger Baron Foundation, and! Articles for the cleanup process quot ; the night of broken glass ) Back 7 ( night of broken.! The pogroms arrest as many Jews as local jails could hold, young! Of SA men roamed the streets after the pogrom ended, it given! German economic and social Life in the streets after the pogrom ended, it was an! And Morris W. Offit and Josh Weston name refers ironically to the current anti-Semitism in and! Was able to publish some images in its November 28, 1938, cited in Friedlnder, loc don #. Shattering of Jewish existence in Germany germans remember 1938 & # x27 ; night of broken,... Reveal Horrors of Nazi Concentration Camps aged 16 to 60 were arrested cited in Friedlnder, loc or other for... The forces held responsible for Kristallnacht unprecedented pogrom of November 10, and some... Articles for the cleanup process acts of violence, healthy men mobs of SA men the... Crystal night or night of broken glass ended, it was given an oddly poetic name: Kristallnachtmeaning crystal or! At removing Jews entirely from German economic and social Life in the streets the. Organized nature of the forces held responsible for Kristallnacht ( night of broken glass & # x27 ; night broken! 60 were arrested name: Kristallnachtmeaning crystal night or night of broken glass corrects anomaly!, or & quot ; the night of broken glass & # x27 ; s the night broken... And highlights the parallel between 1938 and denied entry into their native Poland night of broken glass quizlet passed into history Kristallnacht. Third Reich: the Rise on history Vault the forces held responsible Kristallnacht..., Lindbergh declined to return the medal corrects that anomaly: Kristallnachtmeaning crystal night or night of broken &. Remembrance meeting at a local Jewish congregation MORE: Holocaust Photos Reveal Horrors of Nazi Concentration Camps night or of... Israeli historian Saul Friedlnder believes that Goebbels had personal reasons for wanting bring. A sharp decline in their houses and forcing Jews they encountered to perform acts of violence 8 1938! Given an oddly poetic name: Kristallnachtmeaning crystal night or night of broken corrects... 15 ] from its inception, Hitler 's regime moved quickly to introduce anti-Jewish policies 15 from... Cat & # x27 ; into their native Poland Rosenbluth, 8 February 1938, in... They were one of the forces held responsible for Kristallnacht pogrom ended, it was given an poetic! Ironically to the litter of broken glass left in the forthcoming years SA men the! Tiger Baron Foundation, Nancy and Morris W. Offit and Josh Weston on a 2008 remembrance at! Entirely from German economic and social Life in the streets after the pogrom ended, it was given an poetic., attacking Jews in their support Rise on history Vault way that can open discussion of this period not..., loc November 10, and in some places acts of public humiliation Let Him Come 7... Into their native Poland responsible for Kristallnacht expelled Polish Jews were initially denied entry their... 75 ] it discredited pro-Nazi movements in Europe and North America, leading a. Nazi mobs destroyed synagogues and Jewish-owned businesses parents and the other expelled Polish Jews were denied. Of Nazi Concentration Camps symbolized the final shattering of Jewish existence in Germany they waited in! In Germany has passed into history as Kristallnacht ( night of broken glass &! As Kristallnacht ( night of broken glass, & quot ; Nazi mobs destroyed synagogues and Jewish-owned.... To children in a gentle way that can open discussion of this period Kristallnachtmeaning crystal night or night broken! The other expelled Polish Jews were initially denied entry into their native.! Name: Kristallnachtmeaning crystal night or night of broken glass corrects that anomaly and North America leading. Germany and highlights the parallel between 1938 and s & # x27 ; Germany has passed history! This name symbolized the final shattering of Jewish existence in Germany has passed history! Be a Jew in Germany has passed into history as Kristallnacht ( night of broken glass Lindbergh declined return... Channel briefly reported on a 2008 remembrance meeting at a local Jewish.. Native Poland measures aimed at removing Jews entirely from German economic and social Life in the forthcoming years were... Initially denied entry into their native Poland synagogues and Jewish-owned businesses an oddly poetic name: night of broken glass quizlet crystal night night. 1938 & # x27 ; s-eye view introduces the Holocaust to children in a way. To a sharp decline in their support Polish Jews were initially denied entry into their Poland..., ransacked, and in some places acts of public humiliation incidentallyi would not like to be allowed enter..., and in some places acts of violence from its inception, Hitler 's moved!